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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES. The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young Triple Helix Resources. Measuring Abiotic Environmental Factors. Humidity.

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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

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  1. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young Triple Helix Resources

  2. Measuring AbioticEnvironmentalFactors

  3. Humidity Piche evaporimeters can be used to compare the humidity of different microhabitats. The capillary tubing is filled with water and then the distance that the meniscus moves is measured over a period of time. Gareth Williams Techniques & Fieldwork in Ecology ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  4. Air Pressure BAROMETER • Warm the air inside the jar before stretching the balloon over the top and securing with a rubber band. • Fix a needle to one end of a drinking straw and stick the other end of the straw to the middle of the balloon. The edge of the jar acts as a pivot. • As the atmospheric pressure increases the pointer will move up the scale, which can be calibrated by reference to an aneroid or mercury barometer. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000963/096345eo.pdf ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  5. Wind Direction WIND VANE • Select a piece of dowel, cane, or a long thin nail that will fit inside a tube with a closed end. (The tube must be able to turn freely.) • Fit the dowel upright on a firm wooden base marked with the points of the compass. • Fasten a paddle-pop stick with a pointer and fin across the top of the tube. • Place the tube over the dowel. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000963/096345eo.pdf ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  6. Wind Speed ANEMOMETER • Make holes in the plastic pots, so that the straws or canes (‘arms’) fit through tightly. • Secure the arms at right angles to each other with tape. Make a hole through the centre of both arms to take a nail. • Thread the nail through a bead, the arms, another bead and then hammer into the upright pole. • Push the pots onto the arms and balance them, before taping them on securely, all facing in the same direction. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000963/096345eo.pdf ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  7. Current Speed 1 Thrupp’s Nails • Knock two nails through a piece of wood so that the tip of each projects the same short distance above the wood. • Hold the wood above the stream so that the nails both just touch the surface of the water. Ripples will form on the water surface if the flow speed is above about 22cm. per second. The ripples will converge at a point downstream. • The faster the water flow, the further away they will come together. Measure the distance from the wood to this point and compare this with other sites. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000963/096345eo.pdf ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  8. Current Speed 2 FLOW SPEED AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS • You can use a flow vane to measure/compare water speeds at different depths or else you can try a home made pitot tube. • The faster the current is flowing, the greater will be the difference in the height of the fluid levels in each side of the manometer. • There is a graph at: http://docs.engineeringtoolbox.com/documents/916/water_velocity_head.pdf from which you can read off the flow speed. Gareth Williams Techniques & Fieldwork in Ecology ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  9. Turbidity SECCHI DISC • Lower the lid into the water and record the depth at which it can no longer be seen. • For more details see:http://dipin.kent.edu/makedisk.htm www.angfa.org.au/secchi.htm • Alternatively, use a turbidity tube, which is a long tube with black markings on the bottom. Water is added until the markings can no longer be seen. The tube is graduated so that the turbidity levels can be read off. Jane Young et al The Biolab Sourcebook ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  10. Salinity SILVER NITRATE PLATES • Add 14.5 g of PLAIN agar to 500 mL of distilled water and soak for 10 mins. • Heat to dissolve then boil for 5 mins. • Add 5 g silver nitrate, stir and allow to cool. • Pour into Petri dishes (fill the base) and when solidified store in the dark. • Use a cork borer to cut 5 small, equally spaced wells in the agar. • Put equal volumes of the test solutions into the wells. (If you want to use comparison solutions, the average concentration of chloride ions in sea water is 1.9%.) • Measure the width of the rings of silver chloride that are precipitated. Source: Adapted from Margaret Findlay Hagley Community College ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  11. Water Pollution BIOASSAYS • Many invertebrates such as crabs have a righting response, which is affected by environmental pollution. • The growth of lettuce seeds is commonly used to test the toxicity of contaminants.(‘Buttercrunch’ is the standard variety used by the US Environ--mental Protection Agency.) Jane Young et al The Biolab Sourcebook ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  12. Soil Cohesion GLUE-O-SCOPE • Make a cradle of wire mesh that can be lifted easily in and out of the jar of water. • Put a ball of soil material into the cradle and lower into the jar. • Observe the speed at which the ball breaks up. IMPACT INDICATOR • Glue jar lids onto a white board. • Fill with soil samples. • Drip water on the samples and measure the distances the samples are splashed out. • Raise one end of the board to vary the angle. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000963/096345eo.pdf ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  13. Soil Air Content MEASURING AIR CONTENT Add an equal volume of water to a known volume of soil. Measure the combined volume after the water has displaced the air in the soil. % air = (vol of water + vol of soil) x 100 vol of soil Jane Young et al The Biolab Sourcebook ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  14. Profile of a Transect CROSS STAFF • Construct the Cross staff out of wood. The height (h) is either 0.5 m or 1.0 m. • Place the point on the lowest station of the transect and sight along the crossbar, keeping it level by observ- ing the spirit level in the mirror. • Observe the point along the transect line which is at height (h) above the base of the staff. Mark this point and use it as the next station. • Measure the horizontal distance between the two stations with a tape. Gareth Williams Techniques & Fieldwork in Ecology ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

  15. Measuring BioticEnvironmentalFactors ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES - The No 8 Fencing Wire Approach Jane & Jim Young

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