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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders. Abnormal Behavior. The medical model What is abnormal behavior? Deviant Maladaptive Causing personal distress A continuum of normal/abnormal. Figure 14.2 Normality and abnormality as a continuum. Prevalence, Causes, and Course. Epidemiology

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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

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  1. Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

  2. Abnormal Behavior • The medical model • What is abnormal behavior? • Deviant • Maladaptive • Causing personal distress • A continuum of normal/abnormal

  3. Figure 14.2 Normality and abnormality as a continuum

  4. Prevalence, Causes, and Course • Epidemiology • Prevalence • Lifetime prevalence • Diagnosis • Etiology • Prognosis

  5. Figure 14.5 Lifetime prevalence of psychological disorders

  6. Psychodiagnosis:The Classification of Disorders • American Psychiatric Association • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed. (DSM - 4)

  7. Five Axes • Axis I – Clinical Syndromes • Axis II – Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation • Axis III – General Medical Conditions • Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems • Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning

  8. Axis I Clinical Syndromes • Anxiety Disorders • Somatoform Disorders • Dissociative Disorders • Mood Disorders • Schizophrenic Disorders

  9. Clinical Syndromes: Anxiety Disorders • Generalized anxiety disorder • “free-floating anxiety” • Phobic disorder • Specific focus of fear • Panic disorder and agoraphobia • Obsessive compulsive disorder • Obsessions • Compulsions • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

  10. Etiology of Anxiety Disorders • Biological factors • Genetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivity • GABA circuits in the brain • Conditioning and learning • Acquired through classical conditioning or observational learning • Maintained through operant conditioning • Cognitive factors • Judgments of perceived threat • Personality • Neuroticism • Stress—a precipitator

  11. Figure 14.6 Twin studies of anxiety disorders

  12. Figure 14.7 Conditioning as an explanation for phobias

  13. Figure 14.8 Cognitive factors in anxiety disorders

  14. Clinical Syndromes: Somatoform Disorders • Somatization Disorder • Conversion Disorder • Hypochondriasis • Etiology • Reactive autonomic nervous system • Personality factors • Cognitive factors • The sick role

  15. Figure 14.10 Glove anesthesia

  16. Clinical Syndromes: Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative amnesia • Dissociative fugue • Dissociative identity disorder • Etiology • severe emotional trauma during childhood • Controversy • Media creation?

  17. Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders • Major depressive disorder • Dysthymic disorder • Bipolar disorder • Cyclothymic disorder • Etiology • Genetic vulnerability • Neurochemical factors • Cognitive factors • Interpersonal roots • Precipitating stress

  18. Figure 14.11 Episodic patterns in mood disorders

  19. Figure 14.13 Twin studies of mood disorders

  20. Figure 14.15 Negative thinking and prediction of depression

  21. Figure 14.16 Interpersonal factors in depression

  22. Clinical Syndromes: Schizophrenia • General symptoms • Delusions and irrational thought • Deterioration of adaptive behavior • Hallucinations • Disturbed emotions • Prognostic factors

  23. Subtyping of Schizophrenia • 4 subtypes • Paranoid type • Catatonic type • Disorganized type • Undifferentiated type • New model for classification • Positive vs. negative symptoms

  24. Etiology of Schizophrenia • Genetic vulnerability • Neurochemical factors • Structural abnormalities of the brain • The neurodevelopmental hypothesis • Expressed emotion • Precipitating stress

  25. Figure 14.18 The dopamine hypothesis as an explanation for schizophrenia

  26. Figure 14.20 The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia

  27. Personality Disorders • Anxious-fearful cluster • Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive • Dramatic-impulsive cluster • Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial • Odd-eccentric cluster • Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid • Etiology • Genetic predispositions, inadequate socialization in dysfunctional families

  28. Table 14.2 Personality Disorders

  29. Psychological Disorders and the Law • Insanity • M’naghten rule • Involuntary commitment • danger to self • danger to others • in need of treatment

  30. Figure 14.22 The insanity defense: public perceptions and actual realities

  31. Culture and Pathology • Cultural variations • Culture bound disorders • Koro • Windigo • Anorexia nervosa

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