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Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders. Substance Abuse and Addictions. Mental illness. Substance Abuse and Addictions. Substance abuse. Substance Abuse and Addictions. Olds and Milner (1954). Fig. 15-1, p. 452. Substance Abuse and Addictions. Other behaviors that release dopamine.
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Substance Abuse and Addictions • Mental illness
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Substance abuse
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Olds and Milner (1954)
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Other behaviors that release dopamine
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Berridge and Robinson (1998) • Nucleus accombans
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Addiction
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Withdrawal
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Alcohol
Substance Abuse and Addictions • The genetic basis for early-onset alcoholism is stronger than for later-onset, especially in men. • Researchers distinguish between two types of alcoholism • Type I/Type A • Type II/Type B
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Type I/Type A characteristics
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Type II/Type B characteristic
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Twin studies and family studies suggest a genetic basis for Type II/Type B alcoholism.
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Risk factors for alcoholism
Substance Abuse and Addictions • Medications used to combat alcoholism
Mood Disorders • Major depression - feeling sad and helpless everyday for weeks at a time
Mood Disorders • Similar symptoms can result from hormonal problems, head injuries, brain tumors, or other illnesses. • Often comorbid with other disorders
Mood Disorders • Studies of twins and adopted children suggest a moderate degree of heritability.
Mood Disorders • Predisposition depends on a variety of genes. • One identified gene leads to an 80% decrease in the brain’s ability to produce serotonin. • Most depressed people do not have this gene. • Those who have the gene have a higher predisposition.
Mood Disorders • Another gene identified controls the serotonin transporter protein. • Protein controls the ability of the axon to reabsorb the neurotransmitter after its release. • Two “short forms” of the gene are associated with an increased likelihood of depression after stressful events. • Perhaps alters the way people react to stressful events.
Mood Disorders • Specific hormones are also involved with depression.
Mood Disorders • Postpartum depression
Mood Disorders • Childhood depression is equally common in both boys and girls. • After puberty, depression is twice as common in females. • The finding is consistent across cultures, suggesting a biological factor.
Mood Disorders • Depression is associated with the specific brain activity
Mood Disorders • Some cases of depression may be linked to viral infection. • Borna disease
Mood Disorders • Categories of antidepressant drugs include: • Tricyclics. • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. • MAOI’s. • Atypical antidepressants.
Mood Disorders • Tricylclics (imipramine -Tofranil)
Mood Disorders • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) – • Examples: Fluoxetine (Prozac), setraline (Zoloft), fluvoxamine (Luvox), citalopram (Celexa) and paroxetine (Paxil).
Mood Disorders • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s)
Mood Disorders • Atypical antidepressants - Example: bupropion (Wellbutrin)
Mood Disorders • Exactly how antidepressant drugs work is unclear.
Mood Disorders • In some depressed people, neurons in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex shrink.
Mood Disorders • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Mood Disorders • Drawbacks
Mood Disorders • “Receptive transcranial magnetic stimulation”
Mood Disorders • Unipolar disorder • Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)
Mood Disorders • Bipolar disorder I – • Bipolar disorder II -
Mood Disorders • Research suggests a heritability basis for bipolar disorder (Craddock & Jones, 1999).
Mood Disorders • Treatments for bipolar • brain chemical arachidonic acid.
Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia • Causes are not well understood but include a large biological component.
Schizophrenia • Two cluster of positive symptoms of schizophrenia include: • Psychotic • Disorganized
Schizophrenia • Psychotic - consists of delusions and hallucinations. • Delusions • Hallucinations • Disorganized
Schizophrenia • Negative symptoms
Schizophrenia • Twin studies suggest a genetic component.
Schizophrenia • Prenatal environment
Schizophrenia • One study identified a gene linked to high levels of negative symptoms (Fanous et al., 2005).
Schizophrenia • The neurodevelopmental hypothesis