Learning Goals

1. Learning Goals • The students will understand what conditions were like for the Indians after the Civil War.

2. Destroying the Territory • The Civil War in Indian Territory was fought Indian against Indian and no tribe was left out. • Battles were fought in all areas of the Territory and refugees roamed from one area to another.

3. Negotiating Reconstruction Treaties • Although the term “Reconstruction” applied to Federal dealings with all of the South after the Civil War, it was especially applicable in Indian Territory. • The map of Indian Territory was completely reconstructed. • Four of the Five Tribes had furnished loyal warriors to the Union cause during the war, and all four tribes boasted more Union Soldiers than confederate. • The Western tribes also signed treaties with the Confederacy, but most of their warriors fought for the Union. • Despite these facts, Cooley informed the Indian leaders that they had forfeited their annuities and lands. • He made it clear that the federal government intended to punish them for their supposed part in the war.

4. Conditions of the Treaties • The severity of the treaties depended largely on the bargaining power held by the individual tribes. The Choctaws and Chickasaws displayed a united front as Southern sympathizers and received the best treaty terms. • Although the Cherokees were divided John Ross obtained leniency for the whole tribe. • The Creeks and the Seminoles however were forced to sign confessions of war guilt. • The Seminoles ceded all of their tribal lands and were given a small area of the Creek nation. • As a group all five tribes ceded the western half of Indian Territory and agreed to the construction of two railroads across the Territory – one north–south railroad and one east-west railroad. • Regardless of the hardships they inflicted, the Reconstruction treaties did allow the Indians the re-establish themselves under their own governments and did not require a federal territorial government.

5. Reconstruction • Indian territory boundaries much different after war. • 4 out of 5 Civilized tribes had given more warriors to Union than South. Choctaws only tribe that stayed loyal to the Confederates • Union called Indians traitors because they signed treaties with South because South forced them to.

6. Reconstruction Con’t. • Union said since Indians were traitors they had to give back their land. • Choctaws and Chickasaws biggest Southern sympathizers and got best treaty terms • Creeks and Seminoles had committed and lost most warriors but had to sign the most confessions of war guilt. • Had to give away their land. • All 5 Civilized tribes had to agree to give away Western part of Indian territory

7. Post War • Agreed to allow 2 railroads: 1) North-South 2) East-West • Cherokees, Creeks and Seminoles were forced to make citizens of their former slaves. • Choctaws and Chickasaws given option of adopting the blacks or having them removed

8. Post War con’t. • Gov. agreed to pay Choctaws and Chickasaws for ceded land but said they would use the money for relocating former slaves • Both tribes decided to relocated former slaves but gov. neglected their removal and freedmen remained in territory • Choctaws adopted former slaves but Chickasaws held out

9. 1.) 4 out of 5 of the Civilized tribes provided warriors for who during the Civil War? a.) The Union b.) The Confederates c.) The Slave owning states 2.) What happened to the Indians in regards to their lands after the Civil War? a.) The Union allowed them to keep most of their land due to their loyalty b.) The Confederacy allowed them to keep most of their land due to their loyalty c.) The Federal Government forced them to forfeit their lands although they were loyal to the union 3.) Why did the Choctaws and Chickasaws receive the best treaty terms? a.) Because they stayed united as Union sympathizers b.) Because they stayed united as Confederate sympathizers c.) Because they were able to remain neutral and had the most bargaining power 4.) What two tribes were forced to sign confessions of guilt for war crimes committed? a.) Creeks and Seminoles b.) Choctaws and Chickasaws c.) Cherokee and Choctaws 5.) What tribe was forced to cede their land and move to a small area of the Creek Nation? a.) Chickasaws b.) Seminoles c.) Cherokee 6.) Name one positive thing that the ceding of their land did for the Indian tribes? a.) It proved to the settlers that they were not going to be able to defeat and remove the Indians b.) The Indian tribes ended up with better land than they had before they were forced to cede their land c.) The Indian tribes were able to re-establish themselves under their own government 7.) Describe the Indian Territory boundaries after the Civil War. a.) They became very different b.) They pretty much stayed the same c.) The Indian Territory was pretty much eliminated 8.) Which Indian tribe was the only tribe to stay loyal to the Confederate? a.) Chickasaws b.) Seminoles c.) Choctaws 9.) What were the Cherokees, Creeks and Seminoles forced to do with their former slaves? a.) They were forced to give them to Southern slave owners b.) They were forced to give them to Union slave owners c.) They were forced to make them citizens 10.) What did the Government say they were going to do with the money they agreed to pay the Choctaws and Chickasaws for their ceded land? a.) They said they were going to use it for to relocated the former slaves b.) They said they were going to use it to help set up the new Indian Territory government c.) They said they were going to use it to build schools and other civic buildings in Indian territory Chapter 9 Section 3 Quiz