Hawaiian Hula

1. Hawaiian Hula Dana Gonzalez, Stephanie Colman, Lia Finau, Dolores Moreno

2. Who is included in the dance? In the dance of hula, everyone is included. Men, women, children (even babies), and elderly folks. However they do not all have the same techniques. The men usually dance faster than the women, and the women are more graceful with their hands than the men. For kids and infants, they will usually only learn the basic hand movements and hip shaking, just so they can gain a general understanding of the hula.

3. What is hula? Hula Kahiko • The word kahiko (kah-hee-ko) means ancient and primitive and Hula Kahiko is known as the ancient hula, having roots dating back to long before Western culture became known. • These dances are accompanied by chants, called oli (oh-lee), which combine with the movements to tell stories of the different islands and their beauty, the exploits of royalty, people of those islands, major events, and travelers. • It is a way that history was preserved and celebrated giving it great depth and meaning for the people of Hawaii, and the meaning is still relevant today.

4. Types of Kahiko dances • Hula Ali'i- is created for or in honor of a chief or monarch. This dance can be done in numerous forms, with or without props. The main element is the chant that tells a story about the subject. • Hula `Ili`ili- performed with water-worn, smooth pebbles. Each dancer has their own personal `Ili`ili as they must fit two stones correctly into each hand and have a sound when clicked together that is pleasing to the ear. • Hula Holoholona- dancers imitate the animal's sounds and movements. These dances pay homage to animals such as honu (hoh-nu, turtle), `îlio (ee-lee-oh, dog), manô (ma-no, shark), and pua`a (poo-ah-ah, pig), among others, and can be done standing, sitting, scooting, or in any combination that is representative of the creature.

5. Types of Kahiko dances pt.2 • Hula Pele- is the Hawaiian goddess of fire, lightning, wind, and volcanoes. These dances are often as high in energy and intensity as the goddess herself and talk about her journeys and relationships. • Hula ‘Auana- Modern Hula. Created in response to Western influences that came to the islands. It encompasses the sensibilities of those who were not native, becoming less formal and more interactive with the audience. While Hula ʻAuana also tells stories through movement and song, it is contemporary in nature and what most people think, in a generic sense, of hula dancing. Hula ʻAuana is performed with a variety of musical instruments including the ukulele and steel guitar. • Hula Hapa Haole- means "part foreign," and speaks to the Westernization of the hula and uses English words in the lyrics instead of the Hawaiian language.

6. Works Cited http://www.huladancehq.com/hula-dancing-culture.html https://www.govisithawaii.com/2013/05/21/hawaiian-hula-dance/ http://dance.lovetoknow.com/types-dance/traditional-hawaiian-dances http://www.polynesia.com/polynesian_culture/hawaii/hula.html#.Wiebtq2ZPVo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula

7. Description of the Dance • Hula Kahiko, often defined as those hula composed prior to 1894 which do not include modern instruments (such as guitar, ‘ukulele, etc.), encompasses an enormous variety of styles and moods, from the solemn and sacred to the frivolous. • Hula dancing is a complex art form, and there are many hand motions used to represent the words in a song or chant. • For example, hand movements can signify aspects of nature, such as the swaying of a tree in the breeze or a wave in the ocean, or a feeling or emotion, such as fondness or yearning. • Foot and hip movements often pull from a basic library of steps including the kaholo, ka’o, kawelu, hela, ‘uwehe, and ‘ami. • The two main positions of a hula dance - either sitting (noho dance) or standing (luna dance). Some dances utilize both.

8. Description of Dance pt. 2 • Traditional female dancers wore the everyday pa ‘u or wrapped skirt, but were topless. Today this form of dress has been altered. As a sign of lavish display the pa ‘u might be much longer than the usual length of tapa, or barkcloth, which was just enough to go around the waist. • Dancers might also wear decorations such as necklaces, bracelets, and anklets, as well as many lei, and other accessories. • Traditional male dancers wore the everyday malo, or lioncloth. Again, they might wear bulky malo, or lioncloth. They also wore necklaces, bracelets, anklets, and lei. • The materials for the lei worn in the performances were gathered in the forest, after prayers to Laka and the forest gods had been chanted. • The lei and tapa worn for sacared hula were considered imbued with the sacredness of the dance, and were not to be worn after the performance. Lei were typically left on the smaller alter to Laka found in evey halau, as offerings.

9. Description of the Dance pt. 3 Instruments and implements: • Ipu-single gourd drum • Ipu heke-double gourd drum • Pahu- sharkskin covered drum; considered sacred • Puniu-small knee drum made of a coconut shell with fish skin (kala) cover • ‘Ili ‘ili- water worn lava stone used as castanets • ‘Uli ‘uli- feathered gourd rattles (also ‘ulili) • Pu “ili-split bamboo sticks • Kala ‘au- rhythm sticks • The dog’s-tooth anklets sometimes worn by the male dancers could also be considered instruments, as they underlined the sounds of stamping feet.

10. Part 3 Oppression or Privilege, historically, in the U.S. Hawai'i's Government Was Illegally Overthrown by the United States of America When? On January 17, 1893, an illegal overthrow of Hawai’i’s government took place. Who? U.S. Marines from the USS Boston, two companies of U.S. sailors, and U.S. Government Minister John L. Stevens landed at Honolulu Harbor and, along with U.S. and European businessmen, Queen Lili'uokalani. Their motives? Greed, control over cheap land, and control over the sugar industry. The businessmen and sugar planters were plotting to overthrow the queen but wanted protection from the United States. They were led by Sanford Dole and James Dole, who also began the pineapple industry in Hawaiʻi and the Hawaiian Pineapple Company.

11. Oppression or Privilege, historically, in the U.S. Native Hawaiians Tried To Fight Back After the overthrow, Native Hawaiians tried to fight back through the U.S. legal system. Hawai’i became a U.S. protectorate while an investigation was done by U.S. President Grover Cleveland at the written request of Queen Lili'uokalani. Cleveland and his administration concluded that the overthrow had been illegal. Unfortunately Sanford Dole as Hawai’i’s President, continued to gain a stronger hold over the islands. Meanwhile, Native Hawaiians launched a massive petition drive to stop the formal annexation of Hawai’i to the U.S. They thought that if Congress realized that Native Hawaiians did not want to be part of the U.S., they would restore independence to Hawai’i.

12. Oppression or Privilege, historically, in the U.S. Unfortunately, a new Congress came in with the administration of President William McKinley. By that time, the Spanish American War was brewing and the U.S. didn’t want to give up Hawai’i’s prime location in the Pacific. The native Hawaiian language was banned in 1896 Soon after the overthrow, a law was passed to make it illegal to teach in the schools in anything but the English language. English replaced Hawaiian as the official language of government, business and education. Hawai’i was then illegally annexed as a U.S. territory in 1898. No compensation was paid to anyone.

13. How this has affected the expression of their culture Because the native hawaiians had to deal with their government being overthrown there were laws passed that wouldnt allow them to speak their language, dance and listen to their music that now, many Hawaiians don’t know how to speak the native language today. In the 1970’s there was a big push of the Hawaiian culture to teach everyone the language, dance, arts, music so that they can keep this culture alive.

14. Work Cited for Pt. 3 https://www.hawaiiankingdom.org/us-occupation.shtml https://wanderwisdom.com/travel-destinations/Hawaii-and-Native-Hawaiians-What-You-May-Not-Know https://www.moolelo.com/apio-kanaka-lament.html

15. Oppressions, Privilege experienced. • The original Hula was named Ha’a and the name was changed in the 19th Century. • Hula was banned from queen ka'ahumanu, she also had the temples and goddess destroyed. • Christian missionaries arrived to hawaii, they thought of the Hula dance as vulgar and sinful that is why they thought it was a good idea for it to be banned. • King Kamehameha III re-established Hula by 1830 he insisted for religious freedom. • The last king David Kalakaua who was king from 1874 to 189. He brought the dance Hula again. He encouraged to add new moves, costumes, text and songs. • Hollywood took the Hula and Portrayed it in a different manner. In the mid 20th Century, the dance was changing and the guitar was added. • During the 1970, a revival took place and a the Traditional dance was renewed, but it is still being danced and is respected.