Rio+20, Future Earth, and the ILKE project, RIHN

1. -Co-design, co-production, and co-adaptation for sustainable development and adaptive governance- Rio+20, Future Earth, and the ILKE project, RIHN Ehime University Takashi KUME

2. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) Rio Summit, three Conventions, and Rio+20 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)

3. UNFCC Rio Summit, three Conventions, and Rio+20 CBD UNCCD Rio+20 (2012) after two decades of the earth summit, 1992

4. Rio+20 Outcome Yields New Milestone for Global Land Stewardship UNCCD states… In the outcome document, world leaders agree: ・to strive for a land-degradation neutral world ・to reaffirm their resolve under the UNCCD to take coordinated action nationally, regionally and internationally ・to monitor, globally, land degradation and restore degraded lands in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas.

5. ・Every year, 12 million hectares of land become unproductive through desertification and drought alone However, UNCCD also states… ・75 billion tons of soil are lost forever. ・1.5 billion people are directly affected by land degradation. ・The 12 million hectares lost annually have the potential to produce 20 million tons of grain

6. Degrading land area Report card of UNCCD 15% (1991) 24% (2008) Rich nations neglected the CCD. It’s not an acute concern. The convention has been constrained financially. It’s the most underinvested of all conventions. (Tollefson and Gilbert, Nature 2012)

7. Future Earth: New global platform for sustainability research launched at Rio+20 Future Earth

8. ICSU and four research programms (IGBP, IHDP, DIVERSITAS, WCRP) International Human dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change

9. Future Earth is a 10-year international programme on integrated Earth system research for global sustainability. Future Earth and its goal The goal of Future Earth is to develop the knowledge required for societies worldwide to face challenges posed by global environmental change and to identify opportunities for a transition to global sustainability.

10. This requires an active involvement of researchers and stakeholders Co-design and co-production of scientific knowledge One of the larger challenges is how to build trust between all stakeholders, and to ensure continuous engagement

11. Future Earth’s main stakeholder groups

12. ・More than 35% of the earth’s surface is covered by dry lands Dry lands (Gilbert, 2011) ・38% of the global population live in dry lands ・250 million people in developing areas (Reynolds et al., 2007)

13. The DDP: supported by a set of tools for policy and management action, helps navigate the inherent complexity of desertification and dryland development, identifying and synthesizing those factors important to research, managemnet and policy communities The Dryland Development Paradigm (DDP) (Reynolods et al., 2007)

14. 1) Need to adopt integrated approach ・Ecological and social issues are fundamentally interwoven Five general lessons from the DDP for sustainable development in drylands 2) Need to heightened awareness of slowly evolving conditions ・Short-term measures tend to be superficial and do not resolve chronic problems 3) Non-linear processes to be recognized ・Dryland systems exhibit mutlipe social and ecological conditions 4) Cross-scale interactions must be anticipated ・Problems and solutions at various scales influence each other 5) A much value must be place on local environmental knowledge ・Its practice is central to the management of most drylands but is often undervalued

15. ・LEK is key to functional co-adaptation of Human-Environmental system (social-ecological system) Local Environmental knowledge (LEK) is one of five principles of the DDP ・Support for LEK is crucial because ・ experimental learning is slower where monitoring feed back is harder to obtain ・ there is relatively less research ・Key implications of LEK for research, management, and policy The development of appropriate hybrid scientific and LEK must be accelerated both for local management and regional policy

16. Co-design and co-production of knowledge is a way to answer or comprehensive solutions of integrated environmental change with development and sustainability issues involving complexities and uncertainties. (from Future Earth draft paper, 2012) Co-design, co-production and co-adaptation(from (Rio+20) Future Earth and DDP) → Involving multiple stakeholders into a programme is essentially important LEK is key to functional co-adaptation of Human-Environmental system (from DDP, Reynolds et al., 2007) → LEK is threatened by rapid change, so identifying new alliance of local and science-based knowledge systems to speed up this acquisitions is particularly important.

17. Creation and Sustainable Governance of New Commons through Formation of Integrated Local Environmental Knowledge Research project conducted by Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Japan Prof. Tetsu SATO Principal Investigator

18. Key Concepts • Integrated Local Environmental Knowledge (ILEK) • transdisciplinary and solution-oriented blends of scientific and local knowledgeproduced in collaborative actions to manage local ecosystem services • dynamically produced and transformed by interaction and interpenetration of knowledge systems between scientists and stakeholders • knowledge base for decision making and practices by local stakeholders • diverse producers of ILEK including skilled workers of primary industries (farmers and fishers), local companies, NGOs and local government officials • ・・・most of them are knowledge users at the same time

19. ILEK is a blend of diverse types of knowledge utilized by stakeholders for adaptive governance Knowledge from local government and other entities Structureof Integrated Local Environmental Knowledge (ILEK) Knowledge in livelihood, Indigenous knowledge, Ethnic technology, etc Professional scientists Specific knowledge Knowledge productionin the primary industry (Farmers, Fishers) Participatory researchby stakeholders

20. List of Case Study Sites RIHN,LSNES,Others , ★Social Experiment Sites, ●Multi-scale Potentials reference sites for different systems ・South Sulawesi, Turkey (C-09, Water management） ・Laos paddy field, forests (R-02, R-04, Ecohealth) ・Jabodetabek, Indonesia (C-08, Megacities)

21. Konya Konya Closed Basin Karapinar Karapinar, Turkey is a case study site of the ILEK Elegli Karaman

22. Desertification due to overgrazing, mechanization and decreasing vegetation (sicne 1960s) Environmental problems of Karapinar (1) Groundwater degradation by pumping up groundwater for irrigated agriculture (since 1980s) About 90 thousand wells are illegal and as of 50 thousand wells are still working.（Yilmaz, 2010） Facing to groundwater depletion

23. 0m Steep degradation of groundwater level 10m 20m Average groundwater degradation is 28.3mm/year thickness during 2002 to 2009.

24. Sinkhole formation due to excessive groundwater pumping for irrigated agriculture Environmental problems of Karapinar(2) 33 sinkholes were developed during 1979 to 2009. 13 sinkholes were developed during 2006 to 2009.

25. Falling water levels due to excessive groundwater extraction in the surrounding Konya basin (Ramsar, 2006) Environmental problems of Karapinar(3) MEKE MAAR 1020m 990m

26. Local mass media Stakeholders (Social capital) Farmes NGOs (TEMA) Multiple stakeholders in Karapinar Konya Seker Local governor Mayor Institutions Infrastructures (Reservoirs, canals, monitoring systems etc.) RAMSAR Universities DSI Soil and water institute KOP (Konya Ova project)

27. Universities RAMSAR Multiple stakeholders in Karapinar RIHN Local governor Mayor DSI Toprakve Su KOP Farmes Konya Seker TEMA Local mass media

28. Objectives of study To seek ways of balance competing goals for farmer’s income stability and solving the environmental problems Case study of Karapinar ・ILEK is a key concept ・Involving multiple stakeholders into the project to produce ILKE and to support adaptive governance in the region.

29. GEC-Japan is a networking platform initiated by the RIHN in order to facilitate and promote institutional and research collaboration among Japan representatives of the Global Environmental Change programs, IHDP, DIVERSITAS, IGBP and WCRP. ILEK project, RIHN and GEC-Japan

30. Outcomes of the ILEK project Input outcomes of the ILEK project to Future Earth via GEC-Japan, RIHN GEC-Japan, RIHN Future Earth, ICSU

31. ・UNCCD at Rio+20 ・Future Earth (ICSU and four programms) Summary ・Co-design and co-production ・Involving multiple stakeholders ・DDP (and dryland syndrome) ・Needs of LEK (Local Environmental Knowledge)for co-adaptation ・The ILEK Project (RIHN) ・ILEK and Multiple stakeholders

32. Thanks for your attention Photo: Xingzhang Urumqi, CHINA

33. Our activities Field trip to OBRUK in Karapinar Visit Konya OvasiProjesi and had meeting

34. UNFCC CBD UNCCD Report cards of the three conventions at Rio+20 (Tollefson and Gilbert, 2012)

35. Scores of main assignments: all “F” The world has failed to deliver on many of the promises it made twenty years ago at the earth summit in Brazil, Rio Summit, 1992.

36. Carbon Dioxide In 1992: 22.7 billion tons Report card of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change In 2010: 33 billion tons (up 45%) Kyoto Protocol (reduce by 5.2% by 2010) ・United states never ratified the protocol ・Developing countries doubled emissions ・Emission from China is the largest

37. Risk of Extinction ・30% of amphibians ・21% of birds ・25% of mammal species Report card of Convention on Biological Diversity The Aichi targets are still not very focused and they add no obligations. We will still be talking about it at Rio+80 (Sendahonga, Director of global policy at IUCN).

38. (William Dar, D.G. of ICRISAT) We need to tie conventions together Problems are linking Human- Environment System (social-ecological system) is needed to consider A new synthetic framework to tackle environmental problems, such as desertification, is needed for sustainable development

39. ・Area 3030km2 ・Located in Center of Central Anatolia ・Altitude approximately 1,000m ・Arid climate（precipitation: 300mm/year） ・Ave. temperature 10.9℃ ・More than 90% residents are farmer ・Soil degradation and desertification ・Sandy – Silt loam soil ・Low organic matter soil ・Annual plants Natural Condition of Karapinar

40. Crop pattern of Karapinar

41. COP11 will be held in Windhoek, Namibia from 16 to 27 September 2013. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Recent and future activities of UNCCD

42. Future Earth will be a global platform to deliver: Solution-orientated research for sustainability, linking environmental change and development challenges to satisfy human needs for food, water, energy, health; Effective interdisciplinary collaboration across natural and social sciences, humanities, economics, and technology development, to find the best scientific solutions to multi-faceted problems; Timely information for policy-makers by  generating the knowledge that will support existing and new global and regional integrated assessments; Participation of policy-makers, funders, academics, business and industry, and other sectors of civil society in co-designing and co-producing research agendas and knowledge; Increased capacity building in science, technology and innovation, especially in developing countries and engagement of a new generation of scientists. title

43. (Khagram et al., 2003) 1) High variability ・Precipitation is scarce and typically more-or-less unpredictable DrylandSyndrome 2) Low fertility ・Dryland soils contain small amounts of organic matter and less aggregation 3) Sparse population ・Human populations of drylands are usually sparser 4) Remoteness ・More mobile and more remote from markets 5) Distant Voice ・Distant from the centers (and priorities) of decision makers

44. bottom-up approaches for solutions of diverse global environmental problems ★world-wide degradation of ecosystem services emerges in parallel at diverse local areas in the world common root causes (globalization, climate change, demography) needs of solutions corresponding to each local settings ★ecosystem services as “new commons”（eg. Hess 2008) ecosystem services require collaborative managements multiple stakeholders including ‘outsiders’ of communities Mechanisms of stakeholder-driven solutions and knowledge bases supporting collaborative actions are needed. requirements for “new paradigm” of global environment studies incorporating viewpoints of stakeholders (knowledge users) of local communities to support adaptive governance

45. Residential Researchers • Bidirectional Translator of Knowledge Key Concepts Residential Researchers supporting stakeholder-driven local actions as scientists and community members researchers living in local communities transdisciplinary research as a part of stakeholders contributing solutions of local environmental issues (Sato 2009) Bidirectional Translator facilitating circulation of scientific knowledge into local communities by evaluation and reconstruction of knowledge from the viewpoints of knowledge users translate local knowledge and skills among stakeholders in the community into scientific languages dynamically mobilizing local networks through production and circulation of ILEK to support Decision Making and Adaptive Governance for construction of sustainable communities using ILEK

46. Working Hypothesis ILEKis formed through collaborations and interactions between diverse knowledge producers and users in the process of stakeholder-driven activities to solve local environmental problems. Residential researchers and translators emerge in local communities and dynamically change their positions and functions as an actor in local networks, by producing and circulating ILEK. Their catalytic roles support adaptive governance of local ecosystems. Bidirectional translators mediate knowledge flow across multiple scales from global to local. This facilitates coordinated bottom-up and multi-scale solutions of global environmental problems such as degradation of ecosystem services.