Bellwork

1. Bellwork 1)The planet Jupiter is over 300 times as massive as the planet Venus. Yet you and I can see Venus with the naked eye, and definitely with a pair of binoculars. But for us to see Jupiter, even though it is very large, we would need a strong telescope. This is because  A) Jupiter is on the opposite side of the Sun  B) of our position on the surface of the Earth.  C) most of Jupiter's mass is gas and we cannot see gas.  D) Jupiter is so far from Earth and Venus is much closer. 2) Stars appear as small points of light in the sky because  A) they are so much dimmer than the sun.  B) they are so much smaller than the sun.  C) their light is lessened by our atmosphere.  D) they are so much further away than the sun.

2. Bellwork 1) Which planets would you MOST LIKELY be able to see in the night sky without a telescope?  A) Venus and Saturn  B) Uranus and Jupiter  C) Neptune and Saturn  D) Mercury and Neptune 2) The luminosity of a star, as viewed from earth, is connected to the _________ of the star.  A) age  B) color  C) distance  D) mass

3. Bellwork 1) On a clear night, Karl was looking at the moon through his telescope. Which statement BEST describes why Karl cannot see the full moon every day?  A) In order to see the moon, light must reflect off of its surface and reach Earth.  B) The full moon breaks apart and reforms only at certain times throughout the month.  C) The light produced by the moon is absorbed by Earth's atmosphere in various amounts during the month.  D) The moon can produce its own light, but this can only occur on a small part of the moon's surface at any given time. 2) Star light, star bright: how bright a star appears to us on Earth depends MAINLY on  A) the age of the star.  B) your position on Earth.  C) the composition of the star.  D) the star's distance from Earth.

4. Bellwork-seasons 1)The part of Earth that experiences summer is the part  A) facing the Sun.  B) turning toward the Sun.  C) facing away from the Sun. 2. Which position represents spring in the  D) turning away from the Sun. northern hemisphere? A,B,C, or D

5. Bellwork-seasons • During which season do the rays of the sun hit the Earth at the MOST indirect angle?  A) fall  B) spring  C) summer  D) winter 2) If the earth were not tilted on its axis, what would be the result?  A) Day length would be less than 24 hours.  B) Both sides of the moon would be visible.  C) Temperatures would be constant year round.  D) The length of the year would be more than 365 days.

6. Bellwork-seasons summer su,mmer 1.Seasonal variation on Earth is due to the  A) rotation of Earth on its axis.  B) elliptical path Earth takes around the Sun.  C) inclination (or 23.5° tilt) of the Earth as it revolves around the sun.  D) distance of Earth from the sun at any given time.

7. Bellwork-seasons 1) What is primarily responsible for the creation of seasons on the earth?  A) the tilt of the sun  B) the distance from the sun  C) the axial tilt of the earth  D) the reflection of the sun's rays from the earth 2) During which season do the rays of the sun hit the Earth at the MOST indirect angle?  A) fall  B) spring  C) summer  D) winter 3) The Northern Hemisphere is warmer in spring than in winter, because in spring  A) the days are shorter.  B) it gets more direct sunlight.  C) the Earth is closer to the Sun.  D) it is tilted away from the Sun. 4)Which position represents spring in the southern hemisphere?  A)   B)   C)   D)

8. Bellwork-moons 1) A ____________ is equal to the length of time it takes Earth to orbit the Sun.  A) day  B) year  C) season  D) lunar cycle 2) The dark side of the moon (the side never seen from the earth)  A) never receives sunlight.  B) is heavier than the near side.  C) always faces away from the earth.  D) is significantly less cratered than the side we see. 3) Only one side of the Moon faces Earth during a single twenty-seven-day lunar revolution. This suggests that the Moon rotates  A) once a day.  B) once a decade.  C) once every lunar cycle.  D) twice every lunar cycle.

9. Bellwork-moons • During a new moon, the moon isA) in between Earth and the sun.  B) in front of the sun, in back of Earth.  C) in front of Earth, in front of the sun.  D) alongside Earth and in front of the sun. 2) This is a ___________ gibbous moon.  A) crescent  B) new   C) waning  D) waxing

10. Bellwork-moons 1) In the image (not to scale), which phase of the moon would you observe from the earth?  A) crescent  B) full  C) half  D) new 2) This is an illustration of the _________ moon.  A) new  B) full  C) crescent  D) first quarter 3) What is the phase of the moon when the moon is positioned between the sun and the earth?  A) new moon  B) full moon  C) half moon  D) waxing crescent

11. Bellwork-moons 1)What causes the phases of the moon as observed from the Earth? A) Filtering of the light from the moon due to the Earth's atmosphere.  B) The tidal forces of the Earth's oceans change the appearance of the moon.  C) Change in distance of the moon from the Earth as it orbits in an elliptical orbit.  D) The angle of light from the sun as it reflects off the moon and viewed from the Earth's surface. 2) This is a ___________ crescent moon.  A) new  B) old  C) quarter  D) waxing 3)On any given night, provided that the sky is clear, all of the planets which can be seen with the naked eye will not be visible at the same time. This is because they all have different  A) moons  B) orbits  C) shapes  D) sizes

12. Bellwork-moons 1. During a full moon, ____________ of the moon is facing Earth.  A) none  B) a quarter  C) the dark side  D) the bright side

13. Bellwork-moons 1) This is an illustration of the _________ moon.  A) new  B) full  C) crescent  D) first quarter 2) Which lunar phase would be observed from the Earth, if the moon were at a 90° angle with the earth and sun?  A) New  B) Waxing Crescent  C) 1st Quarter  D) Full

14. Bellwork-eclipses • This diagram shows a lunar eclipse. During a lunar eclipse, the Earth is  A) behind the Sun and the Moon.  B) in between the Sun and the Moon.  C) in front of the Sun and the Moon.  D) next to the Sun but not the Moon. 2. The viewing of a solar eclipse involves a specific relationship between the earth, the sun, and the moon. Which of these represents the order you would find these celestial bodies during a solar eclipse?  A) earth - sun - moon  B) sun - earth - moon  C) earth - moon - sun  D) moon - sun - earth

15. Bellwork-eclipses 1. You can tell from this diagram that a complete lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon is  A) closer to the Sun than the Earth.  B) in any place during its lunar orbit.  C) in the umbra, the darker part of the Earth’s shadow.  D) in the penumbra, the lighter part of the Earth’s shadow.

16. Bellwork-eclipses • When the Sun is completely blocked out by the Moon a ________________ occurs.  A) total solar eclipse  B) total lunar eclipse  C) partial solar eclipse  D) partial lunar eclipse • 5) Which is the correct alignment for a lunar eclipse?  A) sun - moon - Earth  B) moon - sun - Earth  C) Earth - sun - moon  D) sun-Earth-moon

17. Bellwork -tides • Neap tides, relatively weak tides, occur at point A when the Moon is in position  A) A.  B) B.  C) A and C.  D) B and D. 2. Whenever the Moon, Earth and Sun are aligned, the gravitational pull of the sun _____ to that of the moon causing _____ tides.  A) adds; neap  B) adds; spring  C) interferes; neap  D) interferes; neap

18. Bellwork -tides 1) Large tides, called spring tides, are experienced in the Earth's oceans when the moon is in position  A) A.  B) B.  C) A and C.  D) B and D. 2) Tides are caused by  A) gravity.  B) heat.  C) waves.  D) winds.

19. Bellwork-tides 1. Low tides, called neap tides, are experienced in the Earth's oceans when the moon is in position  A) A.  B) B.  C) A and C.  D) B and D. 2. What causes the Moon to orbit around the Earth?  A) the moon's mass  B) Earth's gravity  C) the Sun's gravity  D) the vacuum of space

20. Bellwork- tides • The moon and the sun both affect the tides on Earth. This evidence BEST supports the hypothesis that  A) the sun's and moon’s gravitational attraction to water is unique.  B) every object exerts gravitational force on every other object.  C) gravity is both an attractive force and a repelling force.  D) spinning objects are attracted to liquids. 2) As shown in the diagram, Earth has two tidal bulges, one caused directly by the Moon’s gravity and the other caused by  A) Earth’s gravity.  B) the Sun’s gravity.  C) the ocean currents.  D) the ocean’s inertia.

21. Bellwork Tell the name and the length of time for A and B. Sun A B

22. Pop Quiz -1 • How old is the Universe? • How old is our Solar System? • What is larger…a universe or a galaxy? • What is smaller…a galaxy or a solar system? • What does every solar system have or contain in order to be considered a solar system?

23. Pop Quiz-2 1. What is the name of our galaxy? • Scientists believe the universe began with a large explosion called the _____ ______. • We have ___ planets in our solar system. • The first 4 planets are referred to as the ______ planets. • The outer planets are referred to as the ____ _____. • _______ is a huge explosion resulting in a star’s death.

24. Name the hottest planet. • Name one dwarf planet. • Which equals 24 hours: a rotation or a revolution? • The Earth is always at a _____ degree tilt.

25. Pop Quiz 3 • Which position shows winter in the southern hemisphere? • Which position shows fall in the northern hemisphere? • What position is December 22? • Which positions show the sun’s direct rays hitting the equator? • Which position are we closest to-right now- February, 2011? • What are the 2 reasons why we have seasons on Earth? • What separates the inner planets from the outer planets? • How long is Earth’s rotation? • What are the 4 inner planets called? • How long does it take our moon to complete one revolution? (trip around the Earth) • How long is Earth’s revolution? • What is the name of the path an object takes as it travels around a larger body in space? • What is the name of Earth’s natural satellite? • What are the 4 outer planets called? • What is the tilt of the Earth? (Don’t forget the degree symbol!)

26. The Universe

27. I) What is the Universe? • Everything that exists • Constantly expanding • Contains around 100 billion galaxies • Scientists believe the universe began about 15 billion years ago with The Big Bang (explosion)

28. The Big Bang Stage 1 – After the big bang, the fireball spread out and the universe started to expand. Stage 2 – Thick clouds of gases collected into vast clumps of dense matter. Stage 3 – Stars and galaxies began to form. The universe became transparent as light was now able to travel through it. Step 4 – Almost 10,000 million years after the big bang, the Solar System formed.

29. Enormous group of stars • Formed from spinning clouds of gas • 4 types: elliptical, spiral, barred-spiral, and irregular II) What is a Galaxy?

30. The MILKY WAY is the name of our galaxy • Some astronomers believe the Milky Way galaxy is a barred-spiral galaxy

31. -Tiny part of the Milky Way Galaxy -Consists of the Sun, planets, dwarf planets, over 60 moons, asteroids, meteors and comets -Formed about 4.6 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust (nebula) III) What is a Solar System?

32. -Enormous spinning ball of dense hot, luminous gas (hydrogen & helium) -Stars are classified by how hot they are, we see temperature differences as colors -Our star the sun, is yellow in color and its surface temperature is 5000° C…that’s 9000°F! IV) What is a star?

33. - Our star, the sun, is halfway through its life. In about 5 billion years, it will expand to become a red giant. - Supernova: huge explosion resulting in a star’s death - Black hole: large core of a supernova collapses into a gravity pit (invisible and gravity is so great that it sucks in light)

34. Inner planets are solid, with minerals similar to those on Earth. They are referred to as the terrestrial planets. V) The Planets

35. Terrestrial Planets A) Mercury -smallest planet and closest to the sun -little or no atmosphere, resulting in extreme temperatures -heavily cratered surface

36. B) Venus -second-closest to the sun -heavy cloud layer -clouds trap solar energy (greenhouse effect) making the planet extremely hot-about 470*C

37. C) Earth • -third planet from the sun • -atmosphere allows life to flourish • D) Mars • -fourth planet from the sun • -has seasons and polar ice caps • -may have water shaping its surface • The asteroid belt separates the inner and outer planets

38. Gas Giants • Most outer planets are huge balls of gas.

39. A) Jupiter -fifth planet from the sun and largest -has over 16 moons -has Great Red Spot (giant storm on the planet’s surface) B) Saturn -sixth planet from the sun -has over 18 moons -known for its broad rings of ice and dust

40. C) Uranus -seventh planet from the sun -axis makes the planet spin nearly sideways -has rings and at least 18 moons D) Neptune -eighth planet from the sun -a gas planet with rings and 8 moons -methane and helium in its atmosphere give planet a blue color

41. Dwarf Planets • made of rock and ice • have little or no atmosphere • they’re just large asteroids or comets too small to be planets or with an irregular orbit • Ceres – located between Mars and Jupiter • Pluto – past Neptune • Eris (Xena) – past Neptune

42. Earth 23.5° tilt 24 hours or 1 day rotation uns revolution orbit 365¼ days or 1 year http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0408/es0408page01.cfm?chapter_no=04

44. VI) EARTH A) The Earth rotates on its axis at a 23.5° tilt. 1 rotation = 24 hours (1 day) B) The side of the Earth facing the sun is experiencing day (light) C) The side of the Earth facing away from the sun is experiencing night (dark). D) A revolution is the motion of the Earth as it travels in an orbit around the sun. 1 revolution = 365 ¼ ( 1 year)

45. E) The orbit is the name of the path around the sun. F) The amount of time it takes for a single trip around the sun is called a period of revolution. G) The Earth’s period of revolution is 365 1/4 days or 365 days and 6 hours. H) Every 4 years the four 6 hour periods add up to make an extra day which results in a leap year. (February 29th)

46. VII) Solstice vs. Equinox A) Solstices occur two times per year when the suns rays are FARTHEST away from the equator • Summer Solstice– June 21st - Longest Day • Winter Solstice – December 21st - Shortest Day B) Equinoxes occur two times per year when the suns strongest rays are directly hitting the equator • Vernal (Spring) Equinox– March 21st –equal day/night • Autumnal (Fall) Equinox – September 21st –equal day/night

47. VIII) Seasons A) Seasons are periods in a year that bring changes in weather and temperature. B) Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted 23.5° as it revolves around the sun. C) When the Earth is on one side of the sun, and the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere and winter in the Southern Hemisphere.

48. D) As the Earth moves a quarter way around the sun, the Northern Hemisphere tilts slightly away. This brings autumn (fall) weather to the Northern Hemisphere and spring to the Southern Hemisphere

49. E) Another quarter passes Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun = winter. Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun = summer. F) Another quarter passes Northern Hemisphere = spring Southern hemisphere = autumn (fall)