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Mutations

Mutations. Mutations. Changes in the genetic code They come from mistakes that cells have made in copying their own DNA. If a cell has a mutation, all of its daughter cells will inherit the same mutation!. What makes DNA?. Sugar Phosphate Backbone + Base = Nucleotide. Types of Mutations.

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Mutations

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  1. Mutations

  2. Mutations • Changes in the genetic code • They come from mistakes that cells have made in copying their own DNA. • If a cell has a mutation, all of its daughter cells will inherit the same mutation!

  3. What makes DNA?

  4. Sugar Phosphate Backbone + Base = Nucleotide

  5. Types of Mutations • Substitution • Deletion • Insertion

  6. Substitutions THE DOG BIT THE CAT Substituting one nucleotide for another THE DOG BIT THE CAR

  7. Deletion Deleting one or more nucleotides The original: THE DOG BIT THE CAT Deletion: THE DOG BIT HEC AT

  8. Insertion Inserting one or more nucleotides The original: THE DOG BIT THE CAT Insertion: THE DOE GBI TTH ECA T

  9. All mutations are harmful. • True • False False!

  10. Effects of Mutations • Any new trait in a population, good or bad, is a result of a mutation! • Neutral: no effect on protein function • Harmful: cause genetic diseases • Beneficial: gives the organism a better chance of survival

  11. Examples • Neutral: Blue eyes was caused by a mutation that first appeared 6-10 thousand years ago! • Harmful: An albino person has a frameshift mutation in melanin producing genes. Albinism makes organisms more susceptible to skin cancer. • Beneficial: Mutations in the CCR5 gene in humans makes them almost immune to HIV!

  12. Which type of mutations are more likely to be harmful? • Substitutions • Insertions • Deletions • A & C • B & C E, Insertions & Deletions! These mutations will always cause a frameshift mutation, which will change the reading frame & the amino acid sequence! This will give you a completely different protein! Substitutions could change the amino acid sequence, but it may not.

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