Center for Science, Policy, & Outcomes

1. Center for Science, Policy, & Outcomes A Project of Columbia University in the City of New York

2. Science is a Principal Driver of Change Social change Internet Health and Medical change Biotechnology Science- based economy National security change Weapons of mass destruction Environmental change Climate

3. Science is the Principal Driver of Change Science has the power to completely transform civilization. For some, science has made life comfortable and secure. For others, it has meant death and destruction.

4. Given the impact of science, science policy is the critical variable and yet almost entirely ignored. Science Policy is the Key Variable We are being propelled into this new century with no plan, no control, no brakes. Bill Joy Co-founder and Chief Scientist, Sun Microsystems

5. Foundations of Science Policy Republic of Science Market Failure Model Unpredictability

6. Current (Linear) Approach to Science Policy INPUTS Processes Products Outcomes • Addresses • Conduct of S&T • Products and processes of S&T • Assumes • All societal outcomes will be positive • Linear model of innovation and societal benefit

7. GMOs controversy Affordability of AIDS drugs 40 million Americans without medical insurance The aging of our population Public school system/new knowledge economy Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels Indications of Societal Transformation

8. Perceived Quality of Life

9. Health Indicators Health Attainment, 1999 Health Expenditures (Disability-adjusted life expectancy) as % of GDP 1. Japan (74.5) 7.1% 3. France (73.1) 9.8% 4. Sweden (73.0) 9.2% 12. Canada (72.0) 8.6% 14. U.K. (71.7) 5.8% 22. Germany (70.4) 10.5% 24. U.S. (70.0) 13.7% 96. Iran (60.5) 4.4% 134. India (53.2) 5.2% Source: WHO, The World Health Report 2000

10. Health vs. Wealth Source: WHO, The World Health Report 2000

11. Societal Outcomes Promoted by National Science Agencies Ensure that the people, nature and environment of Denmark and other countries are protected against pollution. (Danish Environment Protection Agency) Reduce the strain on the health and the environment and improve energy and resource efficiency (Swedish Ministry of Environment) Improve the health of the European population. (European Union BIOMED 2 program) The individual and collective well-being of citizens depends on the quality and relevance of research and technological development. (European Union ERA program website) Increase quality and years of healthy life. Eliminate health disparities. (US Health and Human Services Department) Responsibility for regulating the fruits of science and technology in order to ensure that these advances work to the benefit of mankind. (Japan National Institutes of Health Sciences)

12. Not Control But Navigation Because the pathway to sustainability cannot be charted in advance, it will have to be navigated through trial and error and conscious experimentation. National Research Council, 2000 Our Common Journey

13. S&T and social issues critically interdependent Technology strategy drives government spending and its social outcomes Linear thinking in technology policy is linear thinking in social outcomes Why are problems of employment and distribution of income S&T Issues?

14. The Challenge: to develop science and technology policy that reaches the significant proportion of each state’s working poor who have been bypassed by the economic boom... The Dual Agenda: Science and Social Equity

15. Core Question How can science and science-based technology most effectively contribute to an improved quality of life for the the greatest number of people?

16. Core Question How does the science that we do affect the social choices we make?

17. Core Question How do the S&T programs we implement affect the distribution and equity of outcomes?

18. CSPO aims to create knowledge, cultivate public discourse, and foster policies that help society grapple with the immense power of science. CSPO Goals

19. Relationships among national and trans-national research investments, new developments in S&T, and societal outcomes in nations and worldwide How well existing science initiatives achieve specified outcomes New policy frameworks to help increase positive outcomes of science, prevent or reduce negative ones, and extend benefits Help policy-makers craft outcome-based science policies; stimulate discussion among stakeholders; promote public knowledge of policy issues and options On the ground educational opportunities for students; forums for professionals CSPO Focus

20. Cycle Dynamics Education New skills Societal Outcomes Economic Outcomes New social structures POLICY New industries New institutions S&T Outcomes Conduct of Science Tech transfer Knowledge Networks Knowledge transfer

21. Laying the Foundation CSPO’s 20-Year Timeline CSPO is a central node for ideas, policies, data, and education with a network of partners and affiliates across the globe. Years 16-20 Outcome-oriented R&D policies reflected at national and international levels Years 11-15 CSPO has resources to respond to emerging trends in S&T Educational module to build community of policy analysts and scientists Years 6-10 S&T outcome maps and indicators used as planning and assessment tools Normalization of outcome-oriented S&T policy in public discourse Public Values Mapping Nanotechnology and Society Real-Time Technology Assessment Uneven Advance of Knowledge International Flows of Knowledge Science for Society Health Research Map Living with the Genie CSPO Salon Media Relations Development Newsletter Website New Science Policy Science and Outcomes Policy Module Foundation Consulting and Support Web-Based Educational Tools Years 1-5 Research Discourse Education

22. New science policy indicators New tools of evaluation New vision for what science can bring to our future Education of scientists and politicians Replace Cold War paradigm as outmoded Research Science Policy Research Needs

23. Research Public Value Mapping of Science Outcomes Seeks to develop alternative means of thinking about public values in science, ones focusing on social outcome criteria rather than traditional market-based and economic criteria. GOAL: • To provide a social theory (i.e. public value theory) basis for research evaluation • To connect assessments of research outputs with broad social impacts • To develop and implement a methodology that is valid, sensitive to the policy context and widely applicable. Objectives • Research on Breast Cancer • What is the research ecology? • What are the expressed public values? • What is the causal logic of programs and research activities? • What are the public value impacts of research activities? Prototype Other Applications • Genetically Modified Crops • Nanotechnology • Infertility Research Clinics (NICHD)

24. Research Nanotechnology and Society To integrate social impacts research with nanotechnology research to create better linkages between research agendas and desired societal outcomes. GOAL: • Develop tools and methods to map and assess the societal implications of nanoscale science and engineering; • Enhance awareness of societal implications among both the public and the S&T community; • Develop processes that can support actual scientific and societal decision making about the direction and application of nanotechnology. Objectives

25. Research Real-Time Technology Assessment To inform and support natural science and engineering research, and to provide an explicit mechanism for observing, critiquing, and influencing social values as they become embedded in innovations GOAL: • Develop analogical case studiesto develop frameworks for anticipating future interactions between society and new technologies. • Map the resources and capabilities of the relevant innovation enterprise to identify key R&D trends, major participants and their roles, and organizational structures and relations. • Eliciting and monitor changing knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes among stakeholders, to enhance the quality of science communication about the societal implications of innovations. • Engage in analytical and participatory assessments of potential societal impacts. Objectives • Nanotechnology Applications

26. Research International Flows of Knowledge To construct a systematic method to measure knowledge flows to developing countries, in order to deepen capacity to address key questionsabout the processes and channels through which technological diffusion actually occurs in developing countries. GOAL: • Write a critical bibliographic essay, surveying different ways in which scholars have attempted to measure knowledge flows and assessing the usefulness and limitations of these indicators for the purposes of mapping technology diffusion to developing countries. • Use one set of indicators—patent and patent citation data—to examine knowledge flows from developed to developing countries, and how they have been changing over time. • Discuss what types of data need be collected in the future, the likely cost of such data collection efforts, and provide suggestions for future empirical and theoretical research on technological learning by developing countries. Objectives

27. Research Uneven Advance of Knowledge To understand the factors behind the uneven progress of know-how generally, and medical know-how as a starting point. GOAL: • To understand better the reasons why certain fields have experienced little progress where the returns from progress would clearly be considerable. • Focus on infectious diseases, cardiovascular problems, cancers, mental illness, and problems of the eyes. • To understand the ways in which adequate know-how is dependent on economics, politics, the ability to organize and manage, or cultural constraints Objectives

28. Research Prediction in Public Policy To formulate a practical framework for the use of predictive science in policy making. GOAL: • Develop ten case studies of prediction in environmental policy (ranging from global climate change to asteroid impacts), assessing the scientific, social, and political factors involved in incorporating predictions into decision processes. • Expand analysis to other disciplines (e.g., ecology, economics) and other areas of policy (e.g., health, international development). • Engage in systematic evaluation and explanation of a broad range of policy-relevant predictions, with the aim of helping decision makers better understand the strengths, weaknesses, and applications of—as well as alternatives to—predictive information Objectives • Extreme Events • Global Climate Change Applications

29. Research Science for Society: Basic Research in the Service of Public Objectives To catalyze a broad-based dialogue to revitalize science policy by explicitly linking basic science efforts with vital areas of public interest . GOAL: • To search for appropriate models that can effectively link efforts of basic science research to broad areas of social need. • To convince key stakeholders of the importance of these themes to the conceptualization and implementation of science policy. • Craft directed initiatives to explore urgent areas of social need, such as education, energy and climate change. • Engage scientists in thinking about research programs that can appropriately address key societal goals. Objectives • Education • Climate Change • Energy • Homeland Security Applications

30. Research Health Outcomes Mapping To construct an interactive outcomes map to assist policy makers, researchers, and other public and private analysts at all levels to more fully examine a variety of possibilities leading to the attainment of health for all members of society. GOAL: • To create a flexible, practical tool that reflects a detailed understanding of the constellation of options. • Craft broad and deep description of the links between health policy and research, and societal-level health outcomes. • Provide an overview of policy approaches to enhance both overall societal health and the health of the greatest number of individuals. • Create a computer-based map: a tool for policy makers, legislators, analysts, individuals in the health care and health research communities, and citizen stakeholders. • Produce secondary map products: brochures of selected sectors, teaching tools (both computer-based and printed) . Objectives

31. Discourse New Science Policy To create a book series focusing on science policy alternatives and their relations to social, economic and environmental outcomes, encompassing alternatives for thinking broadly about the institutional and political frameworks of science policy decision making. GOAL: • Continue the process begun in the Bush Conference Series. • Draw on ongoing projects and initiatives to craft a blueprint for outcome-oriented science policy. • Engage a broad cross-section of stakeholders in ongoing dialogue around the publication of the series. Objectives

32. Discourse Living with the Genie To stimulate a broad societal commitment to reflection, discourse, and action about how society should govern the way that it continually remakes the world with science and technology, and to frame, articulate and analyze the complex challenges that we face GOAL: Objectives • To gather three hundred opinion leaders together for a seminal three day event. • To catalyze discussion among policy makers, scientists, academics, and members of the business and non-profit communities around issues of S&T governance. • To promote debate within the mass media on the available alternatives for controlling the scientific and technological transformation of society. • To produce books, articles and ongoing events that generate action and societal change after the three day event.

33. Discourse Media Relations

34. Discourse International Connections

35. Discourse Articles and Reports

36. Discourse CSPO Salon

37. Discourse Website

38. Education Arizona State Policy Module

39. Education Web-Based Educational Module

40. Education Foundation Consulting and Support

41. Desired outcomes can drive the science Societal value of new knowledge is determined by how it is used, and by whom Societal outcomes reflect who is making science policy Desired outcomes emerge when scientific advance is well-matched by societal needs Lessons

42. Replace the Cold War science policy model Build reflexivity into the research process Match knowledge creation with knowledge needs for societal problem-solving Enhance public discourse on science policy Enhance informed public involvement in making research choices CSPO Value Added New Science Policy project Nanotechnology and Society project Environmental Research project Science and Civil Society conference Outcomes of Health Research project

43. Integrated Informed Self-correcting Recognizes and responds to the inextricable links between science and technology and societal evolution A New Science Policy Framework: Outcome-Driven

44. What is the collective good that we want inquiry to promote? Philip Kitcher, Professor of Philosophy in Science, Truth and Democracy, to be published, 2001 Morality and Science