The Age of Exploration

1. The Age of Exploration Ms. Howe 04.26.2012

2. The Voyages of Discovery 34 L/R • 1400’s: explorers from Spain/Portugal search for gold, spices, and Catholic converts • Maps were not accurate – only had 3 continents • In Renaissance, the science of making maps emerges • Use accurate maps, compasses, astrolabe to navigate on the open ocean • New ships invented • Caravel: small narrow ship, fast, easy to maneuver • Galleon: large, fast ship with lots of room for trade goods • Portuguese focus on west coast of Africa and Asia, Spain focuses on crossing the Atlantic

3. Vocabulary: Unit 10 Cartography p. 534 Circumnavigate p. 538

4. The Voyages of Discovery 34 L/R • Bartolomeu Dias is the first to round Cape of Good Hope (Africa), can reach India by sea • Inspires Vasco da Gama to charter the first round-trip route from Europe to Asia • Christopher Columbus from Italy wants to sail across the Atlantic to Asia • Doesn’t realize that North and South America are in the way • Gets $$ from the rulers of Spain, sets sail with 3 ships • Lands in the Bahamas, believes he was just off the coast of China • Pedro Cabral from Portugal gets lost and ends up on the east coast of South America • Amerigo Vespucci sent by Portuguese King to investigate • Concludes that what Columbus called “the Indies” is actually part of a “New World” • Cartographer names these lands “America” on a new map

5. Vocabulary :Unit 10 05.02.2012 • Cartography p. 534 • Circumnavigate p. 538 • Colonization p. 542 • Conquistador p. 542 • Bullion p. 545 • Immunity p. 546

6. The Voyages of Discovery 34 L/R • 1519 Ferdinand Magellan sets out to find a western route to Asia with 5 ships and 250 sailors • Knows there is a continent in the way • Follows coast of S. America, finds a strait to the Pacific Ocean • Now called the Strait of Magellan • Sailed north and west across the Pacific, used up most food • Many died from lack of vitamins • Magellan dies in a battle with islanders in the Philippines • Only 18 men and 1 boat survive – first to circumnavigate the world! (credit is given to Magellan as the captain) • New views of the world, everyone wanted to buy an atlas • Gerardus Mercator publishes first map with earth on a flat grid • Still used today, known as a Mercator Projection

7. The Conquest of the Americas 05.04.2012 35 L/R DO NOW • Why are the Spanish and the Portuguese exploring? What are they looking for? • What is Vasco da Gama known for? • Who is the first person to circumnavigate the globe? • Where did America get its name from?

8. The Conquest of the Americas 35 L/R 05.04.2012 • Spain quickly colonized the Americas, used the Caribbean as a base for the Conquistadors • 1519 Hernan Cortes sailed to conquer the rich Aztecs • Forms alliances with the enemies of the Aztecs, takes Moctezuma as prisoner • Moctezuma killed, Cortes takes the city of Tenochitlan • Most of the Aztecs die from smallpox spread by the Spanish • Inca emperor Atahualpa leads a weak and divided empire • Francisco Pizarro arrives in 1531, kills Atahualpa and captures the Incan empire

9. Aztec empire becomes New Spain, Inca becomes Peru • Brings $$$$ to Spain, destroys the culture/lives of Aztecs/Incas • Spanish monarch took 1/5th of all the treasures taken by the conquistadors • Galleons armed with cannons carried gold and silver bullion from the colonies • Some taken by French, Dutch, or English pirates • Spain became richer, whereas Incas and Aztecs lost everything • All recorded Inca history was lost • Temples, statues, books, cities destroyed • Millions died due to lack of immunity to smallpox

10. Write a ONE PAGE persuasive letter to either Ms. Vallejo or Ms. Flores (or anyone, really!) explaining why you believe we should either get 1. Columbus Day off as a School Holiday! You are pro-Columbus, and think he should be celebrated! OR 2. Make it “Resistance Day” to celebrate those who had the courage to stand up to the Spanish (and that’ll be a holiday, too!) You are anti-Columbus.

11. The Planting of Colonies 05. 08.2012 36 L/R DO NOW: How would the world be different if Christopher Columbus had convinced an Italian to help pay for his sea voyages, instead of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain? Give at least FIVE (5) examples.

12. Vocabulary Missionary p. 548 Mission p. 548 Columbian Exchange (p. 549) Hemisphere p. 547 – in the yellow “vocabulary builder” box

13. The Planting of Colonies • Oceans no longer barriers to transport people, goods and ideas around the world • Trading Posts set up by Portugal in Africa, India, East Asia • Allow free trade in Indian Ocean, China, Japan • Dutch traders set up Dutch East India Company in Asia • Given powers by government to build forts, take over other ships, and start wars • Protecting the spice trade, won many wars with Portugal • England and France set up trading companies in India as well • Spain leads the rush to colonize, but Portugal sets up sugar plantations in Brazil • Also have a gold rush which attracts more settlers

14. Dutch traders found colony in Guiana, several Caribbean islands, and New Amsterdam (now New York!) • France have many Caribbean islands as well • Fur traders settle in New France , Louisiana, Mississippi • Beginning in the 1600’s, English colonists founded towns along east coast of North America • Jamestown, Virginia is the first; grew tobacco • By 1700, there were 11 English colonies • First 13 were: Virginia, Massachusetts, Georgia, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Rhode Island, Delaware, Maryland, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire • Catholic missionaries worked in Spanish, Portuguese, French colonies • Convert Native Americans, China, Japan, Philippines, present-day California

15. Brochure You are trying to get your fellow Europeans to move to your brand new colony! You can name it whatever you want; it can be an island or on the mainland. You must include: What country you came from What languages you will speak there What religion will be practiced there What the benefits of moving there are What your natural resources will be What you do for fun in your free time Why people should choose your colony over any other!

16. The Columbian Exchange 05.09.2012 37 L/R DO NOW • What trade was popular in New France? • What crop did the Portuguese plant in Brazil? • What was so unique about the Dutch East India Company?

17. The Columbian Exchange 05.09.12 37 L/R • Columbus’ voyages linked Americas to the rest of the world • Plants: • From America, altered eating habits around the globe, led to increased population • Corn/maize: sent to Africa and Asia • Sugar cane grows well in Caribbean/Brazil • Owners brought slaves from Africa to plant, harvest, and process the sugar cane • People: • Enslaved Africans quickly followed the first settlers • 50 million from Europe settle in the Americas • People from Asia start arriving in late 1800s, leads to diversity in North and South America

18. Animals: • Columbus introduces horses, cows, pigs, goats, chickens • Thrive in American climates • Horse becomes central to Native American culture • Ride horses to hunt buffalo; use horses and guns in warfare • Cowboys: Gauchos (South America) and Vaqueros (North) • Started ranching practices used today! • Other: • Disease spread by Europeans • Ideas and beliefs • Many Native Americans and Asians became Christian

20. Columbian Exchange

21. The Origins of Modern Capitalism 38 L/R 05.10.12 DO NOW: What is the function of a mission? How did missions differ from colonies and trading posts? What kinds of things were part of the Columbian Exchange? How might a rise in population in Europe have led more people to move to the Americas?

22. Vocabulary • Capitalism p. 552 • Cottage industry p. 554 • Traditional economy p. 555 • Market economy p. 555 • Mercantilism p. 556

23. The Origins of Modern Capitalism 05.10.2012 • New form of economics emerging known as capitalism • Relies on a free market, where sellers compete to supply goods; prices go up • 2 causes of increase: • rapid population growth - farmers cannot keep up with the demand for food, prices go up 4-6x • Gold and silver from the Americas add to the money supply, people have more money to pay for food/goods • Landownership - some people own the land, tools, and seeds to grow crops • Get paid in money for their crops; higher prices = higher profits • Peasants forced off the land so that it can all be used for profit • Cloth merchants looking to produce cloth cheaply so they can earn bigger profits • Buy raw wool at the cheapest prices, then take it to families to spin/weave into wool in villages • Called Cottage Industry - made the cloth in their own cottages • Allows merchants to avoid towns with their guilds and rules • English: coal mines, ironworks, breweries, shipyards • Dutch: printing, diamond-cutting, sugar-refining, chocolate

24. Changes in industry and agriculture lead the Dutch and English away from traditional economies • Prices and trade are set by the guilds and government • Move to market economies where prices and trade are based on competition • Supply and demand • New policy being developed known as mercantilism • Promotes building a nation’s strength by expanding its trade • Goal: bring as much wealth as possible to a country • Main goal of trade is to make a country powerful • Trading gold/silver pays for a powerful army/navy • Need to export more goods than you import • Impact of Mercantilism • Europeans taxed imports to keep foregin goods out • Establish colonies • Use them for their raw materials, made into products to sell • Colonies not allowed to trade with other nations other than home nation • Use of gold and silver helps make the sellers rich and the buyers poor

25. Supply and Demand • How much is superstar in the NBA paid compared to a regular player? • Salaries • What would you pay more for? A 1962 Corvette or a 2004 Corvette? Both are in perfect condition. • What costs more, diamonds or gravel? Why??