COMPUTER – ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING (CALL)

1. CHAPTER 3 COMPUTER – ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING (CALL)

2. OUTLINE CAL and CALL: Definition CALL: Underlying considerations Advantages and Disadvantages of CALL Student’s view towards CALL program Web-Based Learning Advantages and Disadvantages of Web-Based Learning Roles of the web in instructional setting Summary

3. CAL and CALL: Definition • CAL • CALL • Difference between the two

4. CALL: Underlying Considerations • Flexibility: • Significantly the computer helps the student in learning process (Ahmad, et al, 1985:4) e.g students cannot attend the class due to some problems. They may participate the class by having video conference or access to the file when it is recorded. • Make it possible for students to interact to the instructor at times and places they choose ( Hiltz, 1994:10)

5. CALL: Underlying Considerations • Intensive interaction and more focus to the materials • The more powerful the computer, the more human function it can take on. • Encourages the students in learning language process.

6. CALL: Underlying Considerations • Make it possible for the students to get intention individually. • Enhance competences in foreign language learning. • Possess the quality of infinite patience. • Time savings for teachers and students

7. Advantages • Make it possible to the student to access many topics and their selected interests easily. • Choosing a certain topic faster • Appropriate for collaborative learning. • Flexibility

8. Disadvantages The CAL program is considered to be much less handy. Reading a text on the screen is slower, more difficult and tiring. Viewing from the financial point, CAL is costly enough for the programmer or teacher, let alone for students.

9. Student’s views towards call program • The use of the system is very easy. • The performance or presentation is very interesting. • The content is very clear and helpful. • The structure of the system is excellent

10. Student’s comments • The material covered in the system should be added. • The methods of ‘programme-teaching’, where an exercise or practical section appears just after a specific explanation not at the end of the system, may be considered.

11. Student’s comments • There should be an introduction for the system itself, and to what level of users the system is aimed. • The additional information or explanation included in the glossary should be increase.

12. 3. Web Based Learning The concept of web-based learning comprises many practical applications of computer and internet in developing, administering and conducting learning activity such as the use of internet as the source of material, online course, online assignment and test.

13. The development of basic classroom instruction into computer based instruction began around 1950s with the emergence of instructional television. The development reached an important point with the introduction of computer-based instruction (CBI) around 1980s. History of Development

14. Web-based learning known as : • Distance learning (Uznur, 2009) • Online Course (Johnson, 2001) • Web-based training (Oslon and Wisher, 2002) or • Web-based instruction (Sitzman et al, 2005) History of Development

15. The term web-based learning is used rather loosely to refer to teaching leraning practice using internet or world wide web (www) as the medium of transferring knowledge, giving and assessing assighments and works, giving exams, discussion forum, giving lecture and the likes. History of Development The internet or world wide web is used as the backbone of this particular teaching-learning method.

16. Educational institutions, private industry, the government, and the military institutions currently show a continous growing use of web-based instruction. Current Application of web-based instruction

17. Kurse (2004) elaborates that web-based learning (WBL) generates a lot of advantages such as: Access availability at anytime and anywhere around the globe An affordable equipment cost per-student Better tracking, assessing and recording students’ presence and achievement More personalised learning and material support; and Easily updated content. The Advantages of Web-based Learning

18. Kurse (2004) elaborates that web-based learning (WBL) generates a lot of advantages such as: Technical limitations with current web-based configurations Interactin and timely feedback particularly in individual websites devised to teach (Eli-Tigi Branch, 1997 The absence of a study pedagogical underpinning for a web-based program which can diminish and otherwise worthy opportunity to improve learning The appropriatness of pedagogical practices (Fisher, 2000) The bandwith bottleneck for certain learner request The Disadvantages of Web-based Learning

20. Roles of the web in instructional settings Web-based instruction offers multidimensional use in education and training. It is capable of providing direct instruction to meet individual learning objectives. Owing to its networking capability, the web can promote and facilitate enrollment into courses, maximizing the application of the syllabus or program of instruction via email, discussion board or chat room or video convergence between instructors and fellow students, collaboration on assignments, and building learning communities.

21. The web, as a potential medium for both distance learning and teaching , provide an inherent flexibility. Each of these “levels of use” works towards a different goal. These goal should be recognized when evaluating the use of the web.

22. The term web-based learning, distance learning, online course, web-based training or web-based instruction, which seems confusing and contradicting especially in terms of its disadvantages might be better illustrated by outlining the level of use web- based learning in education

23. Kahn (2001) explained two different levels of web based learning use : Micro use The use of the web as a way to supplement or enhance conventional classroom instruction. Macro use To complete distance learning programs and virtual universities.

24. Galloway (1998) identified three levels of web-use : In level 1; the web is used to post course material with little or no online instruction In level 2; the web is used as the medium instruction In level 3; courses are offered completely online.

25. Summary ICT in education points of view refers to “ Information and communication technologies (ICT)” such as computing, communication facilities and features that variously support teaching, learning and a range of activities in education.

26. Some tools usually utilized in English language teaching are : Interactive multimedia Computer Audio devices Internet Television Telephone and VoIP mobile gadget Social interface and Interactive whiteboard

27. Some of the utilizations of ICT tools in language learning activities are : Presentation Practice Authoring Computer aided assessment Reference Publishing Communication and simulation

28. Some studies show that the utilization of language learning can be beneficial for students such as : Enabling learners to learn more effectively and better realize their potential Facilitate greater access to learning opportunities Making the delivery and management more efficient and effective

29. Other possible utilization of ICT in language teaching and learning are the use of CALL program and web-based learning.

30. The use of computer and internet in English language learning provides some advantages such as : Ease of tracing reference Ease of creating new reference Ease in information structuring Global views Customized documents Modularity of information Consistency of information Task stacking

31. 9. Collaboration 10. Independence in learning 11. Freedom 12. Flexibility of use

32. Some disadvantages of utilizing computer and internet in English language learning such as : Disorientation Expensive cost to purchase equipment during initial investment