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Chemical Bonding

Chemical Bonding . How does bonding occur?. Chemical bonding – the combining of atoms of elements to form new substances. The rules of chemical bonding are determined by the structure of the atom. The valence electrons determines if it will bond or not. Bonding.

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Chemical Bonding

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  1. Chemical Bonding

  2. How does bonding occur? • Chemical bonding – the combining of atoms of elements to form new substances. • The rules of chemical bonding are determined by the structure of the atom. The valence electrons determines if it will bond or not.

  3. Bonding • If an atom has 8 valence electrons it is stable and will not bond • An atom with less than 8 valence electrons is unstable and will bond readily (easily) • The ability to bond determines its ability to undergo chemical reactions

  4. Bonding Number of valence:What happens: 1, 2, 3 lose electrons 5,6,7 gain electrons 4 gain or lose 8 unresponsive.. Nada.. nothing • Ionic bonding – involves a transfer of electrons. One atom gains and the other one loses (metal and non-metal) Forms Ions – a charged atom (positive or negative). • Covalent bonding –They share electrons, rather than transfer. (Non-metal and non-metal), form molecules • Metallic bonding: metal and metal, electrons are able to fly off the energy levels

  5. H + Cl = Sc + Hf = O + P = Which type of Bond is this?

  6. Ionic Bonding • Ionic bonding – involves a transfer of electrons. One atom gains and the other one loses. • Ion – a charged atom (positive or negative). • Example: Fluorine (F) has 7 valence electrons and to become stable, it gains 1 electron to fill its outermost level and becomes a negative ion. Remember all atoms want 8 valence electrons METALS AND NON METALS BOND

  7. Ionic Bonding Electron transfers to other atom

  8. Covalent bonding • Covalent bonding – occurs between atoms that have high ionization energy (a lot of valence electrons) and high electron affinity (attracts electrons) • They share electrons, rather than transfer. “Co” means to share. • Simplest example: Hydrogen H : H

  9. COVALENT BONDING Electrons are shared by both atoms

  10. More about covalent bonds… • Covalent bonds form molecules. • A molecule is the smallest particle of a covalently bonded substance that shares all the properties of that substance. NONMETAL AND NONMETAL

  11. Bonds

  12. Metallic Bonding • Metallic bonding – bond when the positive nuclei are surrounded by mobile electrons. (all attracted at the same time). This allows the metals to be heat conductors. • Referred to as the “sea of electrons” • This is when the electrons are able to come off of their electron orbits and move freely. METALS AND METALS

  13. Electrons flying off energy levels

  14. Vocabulary • Chemical bonding – the combining of atoms of elements to form new substances • Ion – a charged atom (positive or negative). • Ionization – the process of removing electrons to form ions. • The energy needed to remove the electrons is called ionization energy. • Electron affinity – the tendency of an atom to attract electrons. • Polyatomic ion – when two elements bond first covalently then through ionic bonding • Oxidation number – the number of electrons an atom gains or loses, or shares in a chemical bond. • Diatomic elements – form bonds with atoms of the same element.

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