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Joint Architecture

Joint Architecture. Classification of Joints:. synarthroses: (immovable). amphiarthroses: (slightly moveable). Joint Architecture. Classification of Joints:. diarthroses or synovial: (freely movable). Gliding and Condyloid. Hinge and Saddle. Pivot and Ball&Socket.

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Joint Architecture

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  1. Joint Architecture Classification of Joints: • synarthroses: (immovable) • amphiarthroses: (slightly moveable)

  2. Joint Architecture Classification of Joints: • diarthroses or synovial: (freely movable)

  3. Gliding and Condyloid

  4. Hinge and Saddle

  5. Pivot and Ball&Socket

  6. Joint Architecture Classification of Joints: FlexibilityStability • synarthroses: • amphiarthroses: • diarthroses:

  7. Joint Architecture Classification of Joints: • diarthroses or synovial: (freely movable) • characterized by: • articular cartilage – • articular capsule – • Synovial fluid • bursae

  8. Articular fibrocartilage: soft-tissue discs or menisci that intervene between articulating bones Functions of articular fibrocartilage? • distributing loads over joint surfaces • improving the • limiting • protecting the joint periphery • lubricating the joint • absorbing shock at the joint

  9. Joint Architecture Articular connective tissues • tendons - connect • ligaments -connect

  10. Ligaments and Tendons primarily what fiber type?

  11. Arrangement dictates type of load strength

  12. Stress/strain of bone vs ligament

  13. Can ligaments and tendons be strengthened?

  14. Joint Stability What is joint stability? • ability of a joint to

  15. Joint Stability What factors increase joint stability? • a closely reciprocating match of the articulating bone surfaces (stability is maximal when joints are in the ) • a strong array of crossing the joint • absence of muscle fatigue

  16. Increased joint stability

  17. Joint Flexibility What is joint flexibility? • ability of joints to go through full ROM in • range of motion (ROM) - the angle through which a joint moves from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction

  18. Joint Flexibility What factors influence joint flexibility?

  19. Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility What sensory receptors influence the extensibility of the musculotendinous unit? • Golgi tendon organs - inhibit tension in muscle & initiate tension development in antagonists

  20. Golgi Tendon Organ

  21. GTO

  22. Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility What sensory receptors influence the extensibility of the musculotendinous unit? • Golgi tendon organs - inhibit tension in muscle & initiate tension development in antagonists • muscle spindles - provoke reflex contraction in stretched muscle & inhibit tension in antagonists

  23. Muscle spindle

  24. Golgi Tendon Organs and Muscle Spindles: How do they Compare? Golgi Tendon Organs Muscle Spindles Location Within tendons near the Interspersed among muscle fibers in parallel muscle-tendon junction with the fibers in series with muscle fibers Stimulus Increase in muscle tension Increase in muscle length 1) Initiates rapid contract- Response 1) Inhibits tension develop- ment in stretched muscle, ion of stretched muscle 2) Inhibits tension develop- 2) Initiates tension develop- ment in antagonist ment in antagonist muscles muscles Overall Effect Inhibits stretch in muscle Promotes stretch in muscle being stretched being stetched

  25. Golgi Tendon Organs and Muscle Spindles: How do they Compare? Golgi Tendon Organs Muscle Spindles Location Within tendons near the Interspersed among muscle fibers in parallel muscle-tendon junction with the fibers in series with muscle fibers Stimulus Increase in muscle tension Increase in muscle length 1) Initiates rapid contract- Response 1) Inhibits tension develop- ment in stretched muscle, ion of stretched muscle 2) Inhibits tension develop- 2) Initiates tension develop- ment in antagonist ment in antagonist muscles muscles Overall Effect Inhibits stretch in muscle Promotes stretch in muscle being stretched being stetched

  26. Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility • active stretching- produced by active development of tension in the • passive stretching - produced by a force other than tension in the opposing muscles

  27. Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility • ballistic stretching- a series of quick, bouncing-type stretches • static stretching - maintaining a slow, controlled, sustained stretch over time-usually about 30 seconds

  28. Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility What is PNF? • Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is a group of stretching procedures involving alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles being stretched

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