Child Labor

1. Child Labor • Child labor continues to be a public health problem worldwide. Several studies have focused on the health status ofworking children and the effects of child labor on their psychological developmentand educational attainment.These studies have highlighted the effects of child labor.

2. Perception and practice of child labor among parents of school-aged children in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in an urban community inIbadan, southwestNigeria. Questionnaires were administered to parents of school-aged children. Results A total of 473 parents were interviewed. They were aged between 23 and56 years, mean37.9 years. Thirty-nine per cent of parents indicated that they thought their school-aged childrenshould work. More women than men, those from polygamous homes and those with lowereducational status held this view. Reasons given for wanting their children to work were tosupplement family income, 45%, to gain experience, 35% and to help in family business, 10%.

3. Perception and practice of child labor among parents of school-aged children in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. Parental factorsassociated with practice of child labor were polygamous marriage, low educational status,unskilled or partly skilled occupation and large family size. Seventeen per cent of parents withworking children were not satisfied with their children’s work conditions and complained of lowearnings, long working hours, work on school days and unsafe work environment. Measuressuggested to control child labor include addressing the issue of household poverty, publicenlightenment about the ills of child labor and free education up to junior secondary level.

4. Perception and practice of child labor among parents of school-aged children in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. The phenomenon of child labor is thought tobe driven by poverty which is believed to be the root cause. Thedynamics of child labor in the community involves parents,employers and the children themselves. Published works onchild labor comprise mainly of surveys among working children.Some studies have focused on children’s views of childLabor, butfew have reported parents’ views. While some studies suggestthat many children work willingly, others report that childrentook up economic activities at the instance of their parents. Therole of parents was highlighted in a school-based study inIbadan which reported that 81% of working children indicatedthat it was their parents’ idea that they should work. Therefore, any interventionto control this problem must take cognizance of the role ofparents, for many of whom child labor constitutes a source ofmuch needed extra income.

5. Perceptions of child labor among working children in Ibadan, Nigeria. The adverse effects of child labor on the children’s psychological developmentcontinue to raise concerns about this public health problem worldwide. Several views have beenpresented by child health authorities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and internationalagencies. Few studies have focused on the children themselves. This study sought to determineworking children’s perspective of child labor, its benefits and disadvantages and the workingchildren’s perceptions of themselves, and their aspirations for the future.

6. Perceptions of child labor among working children in Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was carried out among working children in a large market inIbadan, south-west Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to allconsenting children. ResultsA total of 225 children, 132 females and 93 males, participated in the survey. Their age rangewas 8–17 years. A total of 103 respondents (46%) were currently in school while 117 (52%) were outof school. Five respondents (2%) had never attended school. A total of 104 (46%) thought thatchildren should not work. However, when asked about the benefits of working, 81 working children(36%) felt that work provided a source of income for them, 52 (23%) indicated that it was a way ofhelping their parents and 39 (17%) thought it was part of their training to be responsible adults. Badcompany, ill health and road traffic accidents were the perceived ill effects of child labor. Themajority of the children interviewed were aspiring towards artisan trades and very few towardsprofessional or office jobs. A total of 106 (47%) children perceived themselves as less fortunate thantheir peers. Fifty-five children (24%) thought that child labor was a sign of deprivation .

7. Perceptions of child labor among working children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Child labor has been the subject of public health discourse especially in countries with poor economies. Some authorities have distinguished between child labor and child work, where child work is considered to be part of the children’s training to be responsible adults and child labor is thought to be exploitative .In the traditional Nigerian setting, child work is regarded as training critical to healthy social and moral upbringing of the child.In recent times, however,there has been changes in the nature and scope ofwork that children do.

8. Asthenopia (eyestrain) in working children of gem-polishing industries. Child labor is among one of the major problemsof developing countries today. According to ILOestimates, there are 351.7 million economically activechildren in the world (210.8 million aged between 5and 14 and 140.9 million aged 15 to 17). Nearly170 million of these children are involved inhazardous work (111 million aged 5_14; 59 millionaged 15_17; The Global Occupational HealthNetwork, 2005). In India, according to 1991 census,out of atotal population of 838.6 million, workingchildren were 11.28million, which was 1.34% of thetotal population. Though there has been a decline bothin absolute numbers as well as in percentage termsover a decade still the numbers are considerable(Ministry of Labor, 2002).

9. Asthenopia (eyestrain) in working children of gem-polishing industries. The informal economy harbors most child laborand since it is not recognized or protected under thelegal and regulatory frameworks, informal workershave a high degree of vulnerability. The informaleconomy is spread across all economic sectors andmay be closely linked to formal sector production, forexample, in situations where formal sectors outsourcework to the informal economy (International Labor Organization, 2002).Working children are exposed to toxic and deadlychemicals in workplaces. Besides, hard labor leads to the deformation of young bodies. Young workers,at the same time, are under constant physical, intellectual,and emotional stress. Moreover, most of themexperience verbal and physical abuse (InternationalLaborOrganization, 2002).

10. Asthenopia (eyestrain) in working children of gem-polishing industries. The gem-polishing industry at Jaipur, India, is an informal sector industry, which employs substantial proportion of children. The unofficial figure gathered from the gem-polishing unit owners suggest that approximately 0.2 million people are employed in this industry of which about 20,000 are children. In this industry, the waste materials of organized sectors are purchased by the parents as raw material for the cottage industry and which is then passed through various processes to make a final product to be sold in the market.

11. Labor Market Integration and Its Effecton Child Labor The issues of child labor, its causes and potential remedies have received considerable attention in academia and features prominently in the policy papers of pertinent institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank.1 This note looks at how international labor market integration affects child labor.

12. Labor Market Integration and Its Effecton Child Labor The proposedframework for the analysis is a two-country version of the basic model proposed inthe seminal paper by Basu and Van (1998) which has been quite influential in theacademic discussion of the economics of child labor and of related policies.

13. Labor Market Integration and Its Effecton Child Labor 1For a general survey covering the wide spectrum of issues related to child labor, see Edmonds (2008). Anarrower account of theoretical and empirical work on the economics of child labor is provided by Basu(1999). M. Gärtner (*)Institute of Economics, School of Economics and Political Science, University of St. Gallen,Bodanstrasse 1,9000 St. Gallen,Switzerlande-mail: manfred.gaertner@unisg.ch

14. The emotional labor of caring about looked-after children This paper is an exploration of data collected as part ofa study looking at the participation of looked-afterchildren in decision-making processes in an Englishcontext. Although the research was principally interestedin decision-making processes from the child’sperspective, it was recognized that the addition of thesocial worker’s voice offered further contextual richnessin shedding light on the world of the looked-afterchild and the procedures that determine the way inwhich decisions are made about their present andfuture.

15. The emotional labor of caring about looked-after children Social workers are responsible for the initial assessmentand ongoing monitoring and evaluation of thechild’s progress and development (Department ofHealth 1989). They are also the gatekeepers of the child’s progress throughout their time in the care ofthe local authority.They are required to help looked afterchildren achieve their potential and to assistthem in their recovery from whatever traumas precipitated the reception into care.

16. The emotional labor of caring about looked-after children The emotional needs of the social worker were animportant factor to be taken into account when consideringthe development of effective relationshipswith looked-after children. Furthermore, I wanted toinvestigate if addressing these needs would facilitate a more participative and collaborative decision-makingprocess that was enriching for both social worker andchild.

17. Assembling Webs of Support: ChildDomestic Workers in India Ethnographic and qualitative interview data with Muslim child domestic workers, their families and employers to investigate the social ties between young workers andtheir employers. Our analysis shows that working-class families use children’s domestic workwith middle-class families as part of a web of resources to protect them from economic shocksand to enable them to afford to meet the cost of social obligations. We show that in this particularcontext, a town in Uttar Pradesh in north India, hiring domestic workers locks employersinto relations of social obligation with their employees and their families.

18. Assembling Webs of Support: ChildDomestic Workers in India Our study focuses specificallyon Muslim households.The research was carried out by qualitative semi-structured interviews with six child domesticworkers, their families and employers, supplemented by ethnographic data, conducted inthe main town of a district in Uttar Pradesh in 2008. The ethnographic data consisted of fieldnotes of observation, and conversations with both participants and nonparticipants inemployers’ homes and the wider neighborhood. The analysis offered in this paper draws onthe entire corpus of data. The study participants were identified from an initial contact withone family’s domestic worker whose daughter was herself a domestic worker.

19. Assembling Webs of Support: Child Domestic Workers in India The work that girls do in their employer’s homes is sweeping and washing the floors, dustingsurfaces and washing dishes. Generally, other household tasks are done by the adult women in the household. Childcare is done by the child’s mother and other women relatives. If aworker does not come to work then her tasks are left until her return, with the exception ofwashing dishes as this has to be done every day. The tasks that girls have to do in theiremployer’s homes are rather limited. The majority of tasks are done in these middle-classhomes, as they are in working-class homes, by the daughter-in-law (who generally lives withher husband’s mother) and unmarried daughters if they are not in school.

20. Perception and practice of child labor among. Ibadan, Nigeria : 304–308. Gärtner, Manfred. Labor Market Integration and Its Effect. Gallen, Switzerland: 2011. 165–170. Perceptions of child labor among. Ibadan, Nigeria: Blackwell Publishing Ltd,, 2006. 281–286. Saha, Asim. Asthenopia (eyestrain) in working. Jaipur, India, The emotional labor of caring about looked-after children. Lecturer, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, UK: 2010. pp 483–491 . Wasiuzzaman, Shaziah. Assembling Webs of Support: Child. 24. London, UK: CHILDREN & SOCIETY, 2010. 282–292 .