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Human Insecurity

Human Insecurity. Deepak Prakash Bhatt, PhD. Status. Theoretical approaches to IR Realism Liberalism Marxism Neo-liberalism Constructivism IPE PE Globalization IT and IF IMR Discontent and GFC Environment, Population and HS. Human security.

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Human Insecurity

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  1. Human Insecurity Deepak Prakash Bhatt, PhD

  2. Status • Theoretical approaches to IR • Realism • Liberalism • Marxism • Neo-liberalism • Constructivism • IPE • PE • Globalization • IT and IF • IMR • Discontent and GFC • Environment, Population and HS

  3. Human security • Post cold war study, contested and ill defined • Early 90’s many scholars started to talk about public security • Multi-disciplinary understanding of security involving a number of research fields- • International relations • Development studies • Strategic and security studies • Human rights

  4. …. • Mahbub al Haq produced UNDP’s HDR in 1994 • Considered a milestone publication in the field of human security • Raised to insure • Freedom from want • Freedom from fear • For all persons is the best path to tackle the problem of global insecurity

  5. …. • Human security is an emerging paradigm for understanding global security challenges • Challenge the traditional notion of national securityby arguing that the proper referent for security should be the individual rather than the state • People-centered view of security is necessary for national, regional and global stability

  6. Poverty, Under-development, Hunger and Diseases • Deprivation of basic human needs-food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care and education • Contextual • Absolute or Extreme poverty or Abject poverty-a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs • It depends not only on income but also on access to services

  7. …. • Relative poverty-measure of income equality • Socially defined and dependent on social context • Relative poverty is measured as the percentage of population with income less than some fixed proportion of income • Poverty reduction • Poverty Alleviation Fund

  8. Under-development • Lack of food, housing, drinking water, access to job opportunities, health care, education and housing • Underdevelopment is a condition when resources are not used to their full socio-economicpotential, with the result that local or regional development is slower in most cases than it should be • Complex interplay of internal and external factors • Underdeveloped nations are characterized by a wide disparity between their rich and poor populations, and an unhealthy balance of trade

  9. …. • Dependency theory is the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former • It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world system

  10. …. • It rejected modernization theory view that developed countries are merely a primitive version of underdeveloped countries • But have unique features and structures of their own; and, importantly, are in the situation of being the weaker members in a world market economy

  11. Hunger • Physical sensation • Malnutrition-inadequate food • Famine-widespread scarcity of food • Starvation- lake of food and state of exhaustion of body • Throughout the history large portion of world population suffered • Undernourished people around the world is about 19 % in 1990 and 12 % in 2010

  12. …. • AmartyaSen-hunger is not because of lack of food but arises from food distribution system or from government policies • Food riots in Haiti and Madagascar • Food Sovereignty- Food First • MDGs in 8 area

  13. …. • To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • To achieve universal primary education • To promote gender equality and empowering women • To reduce child mortality rates • To improve maternal health • To combat HIV/AIDS,malaria,and other diseases • To ensure environmental sustainability • To develop a global partnership for development

  14. diseases • Abnormal condition that affects the body of an organism • Communicable diseases • Infectious diseases • Chronic diseases • Autoimmune diseases • Environmental, social reasons-crowded living and working conditions, inadequate sanitation, and disproportionate occupation • Malnutrition, stress, overwork, and inadequate, inaccessible, or non-existent health care can hinder recovery and exacerbate the disease • Diseases of poverty, and lack of skilled attendants during childbirth is primarily responsible for the high maternal and infant death rates among the poor

  15. Books • Apter, David E. Rethinking Development: Modernization, Dependency and Post Modern Politics, Newbury Park, Calif: Sage, 1987 • Michaly, E.B., (2009). Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A case study, Lalitpur: HimalBooks • Sachs, J.(2011). The End of Poverty: How can we make it happen in our lifetime, Penguin Books Limited • Todaro, M.P. & Smith, S.C. (2012) Economic Development, 11th Edition, Pearson Education

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