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Waves

Waves. Students will learn about waves. Waves. Waves transfer energy without the transfer of mass. A wave is a vibratory disturbance that is transmitted through a material or through space. Mechanical Waves.

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Waves

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  1. Waves Students will learn about waves

  2. Waves • Waves transfer energy without the transfer of mass. • A wave is a vibratory disturbance that is transmitted through a material or through space.

  3. Mechanical Waves • Mechanical waves require a material medium for transmission. The energy disturbance is propagated by the molecules of water, air, or a spring. • Transverse waves exhibit simple harmonic motion about a rest position perpendicular to the direction of motion. (EX: waves on a string) • Longitudinal waves exhibit SHM parallel to the direction of motion (EX: sound, slinky) • Surface wave exhibit motion both parallel and perpendicular to the direction (EX water waves)

  4. Electromagnetic Waves • Electromagnetic waves do NOT need a material medium for transmission. They can travel in a vacuum. (EX: light)

  5. Period • The time it takes for a wave to repeat itself • Measured in seconds

  6. Frequency • Number of waves per second • Frequency is the inverse of period • Measured in Hertz (older measurements in 1/second or second^(-1))

  7. Amplitude • Amplitude is the maximum displacement of any particle in the medium relative to its rest position. • In a transverse wave the maximum upward displacement is the “crest” and the minimum downward displacement is the “trough” • In longitudinal waves the particles produce region of maximum compression called condensations and minimum compression called rarefactions. • Amplitude is related to the energy carried by the wave. • Amplitude in sound is Loudness; in light it is brightness.

  8. Wavelength • The distance between two successive points on a periodic wave is the wavelength. • Wavelength is measured in meters. • Wavelength is symbolized by the Greek letter lambda.

  9. Speed of a wave • Speed = wavelength x frequency (m/s) • Wavelength = speed/frequency

  10. Example • What is the wavelength of a sound wave whose speed is 330 m/s and whose frequency if 990 Hertz? • Speed = wavelength x frequency • Wavelength = speed/frequency • = 330 m/s/990 = 0.33 m

  11. Speed of light • All electromagnetic waves travel in space at the speed of light, c, equal to 3 x 10^8 m/s • (Einstein showed that nothing can exceed the speed of light, c = 3 x 10^8 m/s)

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