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Health Occupations. Skeletal System – Unit 1. Skeletal System. Organs – BONES 206 in adult human Functions Framework Supports muscles, fat, skin Protection Surrounds vital organs (skull, ribs) Lever Muscles attach to bones to provide movement Production of blood cells
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Health Occupations Skeletal System – Unit 1
Skeletal System • Organs – BONES • 206 in adult human • Functions • Framework • Supports muscles, fat, skin • Protection • Surrounds vital organs (skull, ribs) • Lever • Muscles attach to bones to provide movement • Production of blood cells • Produce RBC, WBC, platelets (hemopoiesis or hematopoesis) • Storage • Stores most of calcium supply of body (bone activity)
Bone Tissue Composition • Inorganic salts (calcium phosphate) • Water • Bone cells • Blood vessels • Nerves • Collagen (elastic material)
Bone Tissue • Must continually receive food & oxygen • Has fever nerves & blood vessels than other tissues • Grows for the first 18 – 20 years of life • After growth stops, bone cells die & are replaced by new cells • Osteoblasts – cells that MAKE bones • Osteoclasts – cells that BREAK DOWN bones & reabsorb them
May contain • Ligaments – attach bone to bone • Tendons – attach muscle to bone • 2 types of tissue • Compact tissue – dense • Cancellous – spongy & loosely packed
Four types of bones • Long bones – longer than they are wide • Humerus – upper arm • Ulna – lower arm • Radius - lower arm • Femur – upper leg • Tibia – lower leg • Fibula – lower leg
Short bones • Length & width are nearly equal • Wrist • Hand • Ankles • Feet
Flat bones • Two layers of bone divided by a narrow span • Skull • Sternum – breast bone • Ribs • Scapula – shoulder blade
Irregular bones • Bones that do not fit in any other group • Face • Spine • Hip
Long Bone Parts • Diaphysis • Long shaft of bone • Epiphysis • Ends of the long bone • Proximal • distal
Proximal epiphysis Diaphysis Distal epiphysis
Medullary canal • Cavity in diaphysis • Contains yellow marrow • Fat cells
Proximal epiphysis Diaphysis Medullary canal Distal epiphysis
Endosteum • Membrane lining medullary canal • Keeps yellow marrow intact • Promotes bone growth
Proximal epiphysis Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Distal epiphysis
Red Marrow • Found in bones like vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, proximal ends of humerus & femur • Produces – RBCs, WBCs, platelets • Diagnostic tool to identify bone diseases • Can be transplanted in people with defective immune systems
Proximal epiphysis Red marrow Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Distal epiphysis
Periosteum • Membrane covering the outside of bone • Tough • Contains blood vessels, lymph, & osteoblasts • Necessary for bone growth, repair, & nutrition
Proximal epiphysis Red marrow Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Periosteum Distal epiphysis
Articular cartilage • Thin layer • Covers epiphysis to work as a shock absorber in joints • (hollow strength activity)
Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Red marrow Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Periosteum Distal epiphysis
Groups of Bones • Axial skeleton – 80 bones • Main trunk of body • Skull • Spinal column • Ribs • Sternum • Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones • Extremities – arms & legs • Shoulder girdle • Pelvic girdle
Joints • Place where two bones meet • Grouped by how much movement is allowed • Synarthrosis joints – immoveable • Cranium, suture joints • Amphiartrosis joints – slightly moveable • Vertebral discs, symphysis pubis, sacroiliac • Diarthrosis joints – freely moveable • Shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, knees, ankles, toes • Ligaments – connect bone to bone • Hold bones together
Skull • Composed of cranium & facial bones • Cranium – spherical structure surrounding & protecting brain – 8 • Frontal – 1 • Parietal – 2 • Temporal – 2 • Occipital – 1 • Ethmoid – 1 • Sphenoid – 1 • At birth, NOT solid bone • Fontanels – • soft spots or spaces between bones • allows for enlargement of skull as brain growth occurs • Membrane & cartilage that turn to bone by 18 months of age
Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Temporal bone
Skull • Facial bones – 14 • Mandible – 1 lower jaw • Maxilla – 2 upper jaw • Zygomatic – 2 cheek • Lacrimal – 2 inner aspect of eye • Nasal – 5 • Palatine – 2 hard palate or roof of mouth
Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bones Lacrimal bone Occipital bone Maxilla Zygomatic bone Temporal bone Mandible Palatine – not pictured, roof of mouth
Skull also contains • Sinuses • Air spaces in bones of skull • Act as resonating chambers for voice • Lined with mucus membranes • Foramina • Openings in bone allowing nerves & blood vessels to enter & leave • Sutures • Areas where cranial bones have joined together
Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Squamous suture Ethmoid bone Nasal bones Lamboidal suture Lacrimal bone Occipital bone Maxilla Zygomatic bone Temporal bone Mandible External auditory meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Mental foramina Palatine – not pictured, roof of mouth