The Scramble for Africa

1. The Scramble for Africa Mr. Cargile Mission Hills High School

2. Colonialism in 10 Minutes The Scramble for Africa Mr. Cargile Mission Hills High School

3. II. Western Imperialism 1880-1914 Mr. Cargile Mission Hills High School

4. Instructional Objectives Objective: Understand the “Scramble for Africa” and be able to use concrete examples to illustrate the process of colonization and reactions to colonization in Africa. European Imperialism in Africa

5. A. The Scramble for Africa [overview] • 1. Before 1880, European penetration of Africa was limited to Fr. control of Algiers, Br. & Dutch settlers in S. Africa, & Port. coastal enclaves in W. Africa. African Trade [15c-17c]

6. Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

7. European Explorations in mid-19c:“The Scramble for Africa”

8. Africa in the 1880s

9. A. The Scramble for Africa [overview] • 2. By 1900, European powers ruled all of Africa except Ethiopia & Liberia. European Explorers in Africa 19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

10. A. The Scramble for Africa [overview] • 3. The S. African War (1898-1902) led to Br. creation & control of the Union of S. Africa. • 4. The Congress of Berlin (1884-1885) est. that European claims on African territory had to be secured by “effective occupation.” This led to a rush into the interior. • 5. The Br. conquest of the Sudan exemplifies the general process of empire building.

11. B. Causes of the New Imperialism EuropeanNationalism Source for Raw Materials MissionaryActivity Industrial Revolution European Motives For Colonization Markets forFinishedGoods Military& NavalBases SocialDarwinism EuropeanRacism Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul. HumanitarianReasons Soc. & Eco.Opportunities “WhiteMan’sBurden”

12. Egypt

13. C. Egypt • 1. The Egyptian khedives carried out a # of expensive modernization projects in the mid-19th century. These projects were financed w/ high-interest loans from European creditors. • 2. Fr. & Br. bankers lobbied their gov’t. to intervene in Egypt in order to secure their loans.

14. C. Egypt • 3. In 1882, the British sent an army into Egypt & est. a system of indirect rule that lasted for 70 years. • 4. British worked to develop Egyptian agriculture, especially cotton production by building a dam across the Nile @ Aswan. • 5. The economic development of Egypt only benefited a small elite of landowners & merchants, & it was accompanied by the intro. of Western ways that conflicted w/ the teachings of Islam.

15. Western and Equatorial Africa The Belgian Congo: “King Leopold’s Ghost”

16. D. Western & Equatorial Africa • 1. In West Africa, • French built rXr from the upper Senegal R. to the upper Niger in order to open the interior to French merchants. • The Congo Free State or The Belgian Congo?

17. D. Western & Equatorial Africa • 2. In the Congo Basin, • King Leopold II of Belgium claimed the area south of the Congo River, while France claimed the area on the north bank. King Leopold II:(r. 1865 – 1909)

18. Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

19. D. Western & Equatorial Africa • 3. German chancellor Bismarck called the Berlin Conference on Africa in 1885 and 1886 in order to lay out the framework under which Africa would be occupied by the European nations. • 4. In practice, the division and occupation of Africa met w/ resistance and required many years of effort.

20. Berlin Conference of1885-1886

21. D. Western & Equatorial Africa • 5. In West Africa, • The new colonial powers took advantage of & developed the existing trade networks. • 6. In Equatorial Africa, • Where there were few inhabitants & little trade, the colonial powers granted concessions to private companies that forced Africans to produce cash crops & to carry them to the nearest navigable river or rXr.

22. Harvesting Rubber

23. Punishing “Lazy” Workers

24. 5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

25. The Struggle For South Africa

26. E. The Struggle for South Africa Boer British Tensions Increase • 1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. • 1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence. - Paul Kruger becomes President. • 1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal

27. E. The Struggle for South Africa

28. E. The Struggle for South Africa • 1. Southern Africa had long been attractive to European settlers because of its good pastures and farmlands and mineral wealth. Dutch Landing in 1652

29. The Great Trek, 1836-38 Afrikaners

30. E. The Struggle for South Africa • 2. The discovery of diamonds @ Kimberley in 1868 attracted European prospectors & Africans. Diamond Mines Raw Diamonds

31. E. The Struggle for South Africa • 3. It also set off the process by which the British Cape Colony expanded, annexing Kimberley & defeating the Xhosa & the Zulu. Boers Clash With the Xhosa Tribes Boer Farmer

32. E. The Struggle for South Africa The Boer War: 1899 - 1900 The British The Boers

33. A Future British Prime Minister British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill

34. Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)

35. E. The Struggle for South Africa • 4. Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) used his British South African Company to take over land in central Africa, where he created the colonies of Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia. “The Colossus of Rhodes”

36. Uncle Sam: “The Colossusof the Pacific” (A Parody)

37. E. The Struggle for South Africa • 5. Br. control over S. Africa was consolidated when Britain defeated the Afrikaaners in the S.A.W. (1899-1902). • 6. In 1910, the European settlers created the Union of South Africa, in which the Afrikaaners emerged as the ruling element in gov’t. that assigned Africans to reservations & est. a system of racial segregation.

38. Political and Social Consequences

39. F. Political and Social Consequences • 1.Africa at the time of the European invasion contained a variety of societies. These societies responded differently to the European invasion… • Some welcomed the Euros as allies against local enemies. • Some resisted European rule.

40. F. Political and Social Consequences • 2. Pastoral & warrior states like the Zulu & Ndebele resisted European invasion, as did some commercial states like the kingdom of Asante & Benin. Ethiopia successfully defended itself against an Italian invasion in 1896. • 3. Some African women welcomed colonial rule because it put an end to fighting and slave trading, but most women benefited less than men did. Women’s property rights were undermined by colonial policies that assigned property rights to the head of the household – that is, to the man.

41. F. Political and Social Consequences • 4. Africans simply tried to continue living as before, but colonial policies made it difficult. • Colonial emphasis on producing cash crops, • The assignment of land to European companies & planters, • and the imposition of hut taxes or head taxes proved highly disruptive. • 5. The need to pay taxes in cash forced African men to take low-paid jobs and to migrate to the cities and mining camps in search for work.

42. Cultural Responses

43. G. Cultural Responses • 1. Missionaries were the main conduits by which Africans came into contact w/ European culture. Missionaries taught both practical skills (crafts & domestic skills) & western ideas. • 2. Africans educated in mission schools found that Christian ideals clashed w/ the reality of colonial exploitation; they began using Christian ideas to critique colonialism. • 3. A “Civilizing Mission” • Euros often discussed colonial expansions in terms of a “civilizing mission.” • From this P.O.V., colonialism was justified by nonwhite people’s eventual enjoyment of the fruits of European civilization. • Western expansion facilitated the spread of Christianity in Africa. • Missionary efforts generally failed in India, China, and the Islamic world.

44. G. Cultural Responses • 1. Missionaries were the main conduits by which Africans came into contact w/ European culture. Missionaries taught both practical skills (crafts & domestic skills) & western ideas. • 2. Africans educated in mission schools found that Christian ideals clashed w/ the reality of colonial exploitation; they began using Christian ideas to critique colonialism. • 3. Islam continued to spread southward during the colonial period. • 4. Colonialism contributed to the diffusion of Islam by building cities, increasing trade, & allowing Muslims to settle in new areas.

45. Africa in 1914

46. 1. Where Is Dr. Livingstone? DoctorLivingstone,I Presume? Sir Henry Morton Stanley Dr. David Livingstone

47. 2. What is the Source of the Nile? Sir Richard Burton John Speke

48. Social Darwinism

49. The “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling

50. The “White Man’s Burden”?