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The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System. Chapter 11. Endocrine glands Send secretion DIRECTLY into blood stream Ex: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas. Exocrine glands Send secretion into a DUCT that carries secretion to its destination Ex: salivary, lacrimal, pancreas. Gland types. Terminology.

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The Endocrine System

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  1. The EndocrineSystem Chapter 11

  2. Endocrine glands Send secretion DIRECTLY into blood stream Ex: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas Exocrine glands Send secretion into a DUCT that carries secretion to its destination Ex: salivary, lacrimal, pancreas Gland types

  3. Terminology • Endocrinology: the study of the structure, function, and disorders of the endocrine system • Hormone: chemicals secreted by endocrine glands • Hypersecretion: over secretion (too much) of a hormone • Hyposecretion: under secretion (not enough) of a hormone • Target cells: specific body areas that are affected by circulating hormones (traveling in blood stream) • Local hormones: act on local or nearby cells without traveling through blood; example: prostaglandins (PGs) • Distress: bad stress that is negative and harmful • Eustress: good stress that is positive and productive

  4. Hormone function • Control growth & development • Govern reproductive system operation • Regulate body function • Secretion, metabolism, internal clock

  5. Remember feedback loops? • Endocrine glands & hormones work by way of feedback loops • Negative Feedback Loops: will reverse action • Hormone levels are too high so secretion DECREASES/STOPS • Most are this type • Positive Feedback Loops: will enhance action • Hormone levels are too low so secretion INCREASES/BEGINS

  6. 10 Endocrine glands (see p. 291, fig. 11-2) • Hypothalamus (1) • Pituitary (1) • Pineal (1) • Thymus (1) • Thyroid (1) • Parathyroids (4) • Adrenals (2) • Pancreas (1) • Ovaries (2) • Testes (2)

  7. Hypothalamus • Major link with nervous system • Location/Cavity • Cranial cavity; below thalamus • Hormones (2) & function • Releasing Factors (RF’s): stimulate production of hormones • Inhibiting Factors (IF’s): ceases production of hormones • These RF’s and IF’s stimulate the pituitary gland

  8. Pituitary Gland = Hypophysis • Location/Cavity • Cranial cavity; posterior to optic chiasm • 2 lobes: • Anterior lobe (larger) • Secretes 7 hormones • Posterior lobe (smaller) • Secretes 2 hormones

  9. Anterior Pituitary * Denotes tropic hormones; they control other endocrine glands. • Hormones (7) & function • Prolactin (PRL)  milk production • Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)  melanin production • *Luteinizing hormone (LH)*  sex hormone production from gonads • *Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)*  gamete production from gonads • *Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)*  adrenal cortex • Human growth hormone (hGH)  mitotic rates • *Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH)*  thyroid hormones

  10. Posterior Pituitary • Hormones (2) & function • Oxytocin (OT) Promotes uterine contractions • Synthetic OT = pitocin • Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)  Regulates water levels in blood • Often called “water retaining” hormone • Alcohol consumption interrupts its secretion

  11. Pituitary Disorders • Hypersecretion • hGH  gigantism (adolescence) • hGH  acromegaly (adulthood) • Hyposecretion • hGH  dwarfism • ADH  diabetes insipidus

  12. Pineal Gland • Small, pine-cone shaped • Location/Cavity • Cranial cavity; inferior to corpus callosum • Hormone (1) & function • Melatonin  sleep/wake cycles; menopause (females)

  13. Thymus Gland • Location/Cavity • Mediastinum; posterior to sternum, between lungs • Hormone (1) & function • Thymosin  immunity • Adversely affected by stress, so immunity is often lowered as a result

  14. Thyroid Gland • Location/Cavity • Neck; inferior to larynx • Hormones (3) & function • Triiodothyronine (T3)  energy & metabolism • Thyroxine (T4)  energy & metabolism • Calcitonin  decreases blood calcium levels Iodine is needed in the diet in proper amounts to maintain proper T3 & T4 levels. If iodine is inadequate, a goiter can develop.

  15. Thyroid Disorders • Hypersecretion • T3 & T4 = Grave’s disease • Incredibly thin; bulging eyes • Hyposecretion • T3 & T4 = cretinism (infancy) • T3 & T4 = myxedema (adulthood) • Overweight; fluid retention

  16. Parathyroid Glands • Smallest of all endocrine glands • Location/Cavity • In neck; one on each lobe of thyroid gland • Hormone (1) & function • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)  increases blood calcium levels • Antagonist to calcitonin from thyroid

  17. Pancreas • Islets of Langerhans are the endocrine portion • Also serves in digestion (exocrine) • Location/Cavity • Abdominal; connected by mesentery to stomach & duodenum • Hormones (2) & function • Glucagon  increases blood sugar • Insulin  decreases blood sugar Glucagon & insulin are antagonists to each other.

  18. Pancreas Disorders • Hypersecretion • Glucagon  hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) = diabetes mellitus • Insulin  hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) • Hyposecretion • Glucagon  hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) • Insulin  hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

  19. Adrenal Glands • Location/Cavity • Abdominal; one sits on top of each kidney • Divided into 2 regions • Outer region = adrenal cortex • Subdivided into outer, middle, & inner zones • Inner region = adrenal medulla

  20. Adrenal Gland (continued) • Hormone groups (5) & function • Adrenal medulla • Epinephrine (adrenalin) & norepinephrine (noradrenalin)  Fight-or-flight • Adrenal cortex • Outer (zona glomerulosa) • Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone • Middle (zona fasciculata) • Glucocorticoids such as cortisol • Inner (zona reticularis) • Sex hormones such as androgens

  21. Adrenal Disorders • Hypersecretion • Cortisol  Cushing’s disease • Fat displacement = buffalo hump; moon-shaped face • Hyposecretion • Cortisol  Addison’s disease • frail

  22. Ovaries • Female gonad • Location/Cavity • Pelvic; held in place by ligaments • Hormones (2) & function • Estrogen  female secondary sex characteristics • Progesterone  pregnancy

  23. Testes • Male gonad • Location/Cavity • Not in a cavity for temperature regulation • Hormone (1) & function • Testosterone  male secondary sex characteristics; libido

  24. Lipid soluble Dissolve in lipids 3 examples: Steroid hormones Cortisol, estrogen, progesterone Thyroid hormones T3 & T4 Nitric oxide Gaseous neurotransmitter Water soluble Dissolve in water 4 examples: Amine hormones Epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin Peptide hormones ADH & OT Protein hormones hGH, insulin Eicosanoid hormones PGs & Leukotrienes Hormone classes

  25. You MUST know… • Location of the glands • Hormone names • Hormone abbreviations (if applicable) • Hormone function • Disorders *You will need to spend some time with this information. Make flash cards, flow charts, graphic organizers, etc. to help organize the information.

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