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The Body’s Physical Systems

The Body’s Physical Systems. Chapter 2. The Neuron. Neural Communication. Neurotransmitter molecule. Receiving cell membrane. Agonist mimics Neurotransmitter effects. Receptor site on receiving neuron. Antagonist blocks Neurotransmitter effects. Neural Communication.

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The Body’s Physical Systems

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  1. The Body’s Physical Systems Chapter 2

  2. The Neuron

  3. Neural Communication

  4. Neurotransmitter molecule Receiving cell membrane Agonist mimics Neurotransmitter effects Receptor site on receiving neuron Antagonist blocks Neurotransmitter effects Neural Communication

  5. Corpus callosum CNS: Forebrain • Telencephalon • Limbic System • Cerebrum • Diencephalon • Thalamus & Hypothalamus

  6. The Limbic System

  7. Brain stem

  8. The Cerebral Cortex

  9. Nervous system Peripheral Central (brain and spinal cord) Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) The Nervous System

  10. Sympathetic Nervous system

  11. Parasympathetic Nervous System

  12. The Endocrine System

  13. The Digestive System

  14. The Digestive System Disorders • Peptic Ulcers • sores usually in the duodenum • Hepatitis • Viral inflammation of the liver • Cirrhosis • Cancer

  15. Metabolism • Basal Metabolic Rate • Exercise Metabolic Rate • Dietary Thermogenesis

  16. The Cardiovascular System • Heart • Myocardium • Atria and Ventricles • Blood and Blood Flow http://www.innerbody.com/image/card02.html

  17. Blood Pressure • Systole & Diastole • Systolic: max force from  contraction • Diastolic: pressure between  contractions • Fluid Dynamics • Cardiac output • Blood volume • Peripheral resistance • Elasticity of vessels • Viscosity of blood

  18. Blood Pressure • Other factors that affect BP • Emotions:SNS • Environmental Temperature • Activity levels • Hypertension • <140 mmHg systolic, <90 mmHg diastolic • Risk factors • family Hx • body weight • age • gender • race

  19. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System • Atherosclerosis • Ateriosclerosis • Myocardial Infarction • Angina Pectoris • Stroke • Aneurism

  20. Immune System • Organs of the immune system • lymphocytes: white blood cells • from lymphatic or lymphoid organs: • bone marrow • thymus • lymph nodes • spleen • originate in bone marrow, migrate to thymus, mature into leukocytes • lymph nodes capture antigens and hold lymphocytes • lymph vessels ultimately empty into blood supply • can spread cancer cells • spleen filters blood

  21. Soldiers of the Immune System • White blood cells • phagocytes: nonspecific immunity • macrophages and monocytes • lymphocytes:respond to specific antigens • T-cells: cell-mediated immunity • Killer T cells • Helper T cells • Memory T cells • Suppressor T cells

  22. Soldiers of the Immune System • B-cells: antibody-mediated immunity • B-cells become plasma cells which produce antibodies (immunoglobulins - Ig) • Ig’s attach to antigen and identify it for destruction • Memory B-cells

  23. The Immune Response • Primary vs. Secondary Response • First lines of defense • skin • mucous membranes of respiratory and digestive tracts • Next: non-specific and specific immune processes • phagocytes, B-cells, helper T-cells destroy antigen • Finally: killer T-cells destroy invaded cells

  24. Auto-immune Diseases • Rheumatoid arthritis: joints • Rheumatic fever: heart muscle • Multiple Sclerosis: myelin • Lupus erythematosus: skin and kidneys • Narcolepsy: “sleep attacks”

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