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KEY CONCEPT Humans appeared late in Earth’s history.

KEY CONCEPT Humans appeared late in Earth’s history. . I. Humans share a common ancestor with other primates. A. Primate Characteristics 1. Moveable fingers and toes 2. Flat nails 3. Prehensile (grasping) hands Color vision Front facing eyes Enlarged brains.

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KEY CONCEPT Humans appeared late in Earth’s history.

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  1. KEY CONCEPT Humans appeared late in Earth’s history.

  2. I. Humans share a common ancestor with other primates. A. Primate Characteristics 1. Moveable fingers and toes 2. Flat nails 3. Prehensile (grasping) hands • Color vision • Front facing eyes • Enlarged brains

  3. Prosimiansare the oldest living primates • They are mostly small and nocturnal • Examples: lemurs, lorises, tarsiers B. Primates evolved into prosimians and anthropoids.

  4. Prosimian = Lemurs

  5. Prosimian = Lorises

  6. Prosimian = Tarsiers

  7. 2. Anthropoids are humanlike primates.

  8. a. Characteristics of Anthropoids Well developed collar bone Rotating shoulder Dental formula (molars, premolars, canine, incisors) Opposable thumbs

  9. C. Anthropoids are subdivided into the New World monkeys, Old World monkeys and hominoids • New World Monkeys: Marmosets, Howlers, Spider Monkeys, Squirrel Monkeys • All live in trees • Many have prehensile tails

  10. New World = Marmosets

  11. New World = Howlers

  12. New World = Spider

  13. New World = Squirrel Monkey

  14. 2. Old World Monkeys: Macaque, Colobus, Baboon • Most travel and forage (at least part of the time) on the ground • Have larger brains that New World Monkeys

  15. Old World = Macaque

  16. Old World = Colobus

  17. Old World = Baboons

  18. 3. Hominoids – Orangutans, Bonobos, Chimps • Hominoids are divided into hominids, great apes and lesser apes 1. Hominids include living and extinct humans a. Walk upright b. Have long lower limbs c. Opposable thumbs d. Relatively large brains 2. Great apes include gorillas, chimps and orangutans 3. Lesser apes include gibbons

  19. Great Apes = gorillas

  20. Hominoids/Great Apes = Orangutans

  21. Hominoids = Bonobos

  22. Hominoids/Great Apes = Chimps

  23. Hominoid/Lesser Apes = Gibbons

  24. E. Walking Upright (a characteristic of humans) 1. Bipedal means walking on two legs which allows… Foraging carrying infants and food using tools Requires: a. Cup shaped pelvis b. S shaped spine c. Toes aligned d. Larger brain

  25. 1. Most hominids are classified either as Australopithecus or Homo2. Australopithecines were a successful genusa. Australopithecinusafarensisi. Lived3 – 3.9 million years ago ii. Cranial Capacity is 1/3 of modern humans iii. Humanlike limbs Australopithecus afarensis Homo habilis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens II. There are many fossils of extinct humans

  26. 3. The Homo genus first evolved 2.4 million years agoa. Homo habilisi. Lived 2.5 – 1.6 mya ii. “Handy man” – used tools iii. Ate meat iv. Speech Australopithecus afarensis Homo habilis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens

  27. b. Homo Neanderthalensis i. “Neanderthals” ii. Larger cranial capacity than humans iii. Thick brow ridges and protruding teeth iv. Tools v. Wore Clothing Buried their dead Replaced by modern humans Australopithecus afarensis Homo habilis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens

  28. III. Modern humans arose about 200,000 years ago 1. Homo sapiens fossils date to 200,000 years agoa. Human evolution is influenced by a tool-based cultureb. There is a trend toward increased brain size in hominidsc. Characteristics:i. High forehead ii. No brow ridge Australopithecus afarensis Homo habilis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens

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