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Electroplating to make nanostructures

Electroplating to make nanostructures. Cu 2+. Cu solid. Cu 2+. 2e -. Cu 2+. Cu ions in solution. - The chemical conversion of ions in solution into a solid deposit of metal atoms with the work of a electrical power supply. Electroplating. M z+ + ze - –> M (0). Cu 2+ + 2e - –> Cu (0).

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Electroplating to make nanostructures

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  1. Electroplating to make nanostructures

  2. Cu2+ Cu solid Cu2+ 2e- Cu2+ Cu ions in solution - The chemical conversion of ions in solution into a solid deposit of metal atoms with the work of a electrical power supply Electroplating Mz+ + ze- –> M(0) Cu2+ + 2e- –> Cu(0)

  3. Working Electrode (WE) Counter Electrode (CE) "oxidation" Cu(0) –> Cu2+ + 2e- Electroplating Cell I V cathode anode CuSO4 dissolved in water If using an inert Pt electrode: 2 H2O –> O2 + 4H+ + 4e- "reduction" Cu2+ + 2e- –> Cu(0)

  4. I 2e- ammeter Cu2+ If I is constant The number of atoms deposited is proportional to the number of electrons passed through the circuit - We can determine this by measuring the current Amount of Deposition # electrons = Q/e = It/e where e = 1.6 x 10-19 C # atoms = # electrons/z = It/ez # moles of atoms = # atoms/NA = It/ezNA eNA = (1.6 x 10-19 C)(6.02 x 1023) = 96,500 C = F = "1 Faraday" # moles of atoms = It/Fz

  5. I # moles of atoms = It/Fz Amount of Deposition (cont.) 2e- ammeter m = mass = (It/Fz)(gram atomic weight) e.g., AWCu = 63.55 g/mole Cu2+ t = film thickness = (mass)/(density • area) = m/(A) Note that these equations assume 100% current efficiency (CE) - that is, assuming that all of the electrons are used for converting metal ions. However, another reduction reaction may compete for electrons making the CE less than 100%. For example, 2H+ + 2e- –> H2 . CE must be determined by an independent measurement.

  6. Why choose electroplating to make nanostructures?? The process is easy to operate and only needs simple equipment. It’s simple to control the deposition rate by controlling the voltage or current. It’s a good way to make Nanowires in a porous template.

  7. Electrodeposited Nanowires nanoporous template nanowires in a diblock copolymer template nanowires in a polycarbonate filter

  8. Application If the nanowires are magnetic, they can be used to store data Data storage elements 1 0 0 1 1 (arrow indicates the direction of magnetization)

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