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Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics

Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics. John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269 . Glass, Ceramics and Mankind History Discovered in prehistory by unknown inventor Reconstructions of old civilizations

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Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics

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  1. Solid State Chemistryvia Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

  2. Glass, Ceramics and Mankind • History • Discovered in prehistory by unknown inventor • Reconstructions of old civilizations • Food and beverage storage

  3. Current technology • Fiber Optics • LC, electroluminescent, and plasma displays • Chemistry • Electric insulators • Superconductors • Electronic components • Household goods

  4. Glass • GLASS • Quartz • Coefficient of expansion 8 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC • Softening point 1500oC • 7740 Pyrex • 80.5% SiO2 • 12.9% B2O3 • 3.8% Na2O • 0.4% K2O • 2.2% Al2O3 • Coefficient of expansion 33 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC • Softening point 820oC • Working point 1200oC • Container Glass • 74.1% SiO2 • 1.8% Al2O3 • 8.8% CaO • 1.4% MgO • 13.0% Na2O • 0.4% K2O • Coefficient of expansion 92 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC • Softening point 696 oC • Working point 1000 oC

  5. Quartz • STRUCTURES OF SiO2 • Quartz, α and β (to 870oC) • Tridymite ( 870oC to 1470oC) • Cristobalite (1470oC to 1710oC)

  6. Beta quartz

  7. Tridymite, cristobalite

  8. Silicates • SILICATE “ISLAND” STRUCTURES • Orthosilicates • Be2SiO4 phenacite • (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 olivine • ZrSiO4 zircon • R3IIR2III(SiO4)3 garnet • Pyrosilicates • Sc2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 180o • Gd2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 159o • Nd2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 133o • Nets • 1 connection dimer as above • 2 connection chain or ring • 3-connection 2 dimensional “infinite” structure or 3 dimensional “infinite” structure • 4-connection 2 dimensional “infinite” structure or 3-dimensional “infinite” structure

  9. Representations • To understand the structure of a three dimensional solid, more than one representation is needed • It is not possible to display all structural elements using a single model

  10. Three Views • 1. Classical Molecular view of P4O10

  11. Ball and stick

  12. 2. Polyhedral View

  13. 3. Sphere Packing View

  14. More Examples • REPRESENTATIONS OF SOLID STATE STRUCTURES • Ball and Stick • P4O10 Picture • NaCl Picture • Zinc Blende Picture • Polyhedral • P4O10 Picture • NaCl Picture • Zinc Blende Picture • Close Packed • P4O10 Picture • NaCl Picture • Zinc Blende Picture

  15. Diamond (Zincblende)

  16. ZnS, polyhedral

  17. ZnS, close packed

  18. NaCl, ball and stick

  19. NaCl, polyhedral

  20. Ceramics • Quartz • Shown earlier • Feldspar • Kaolin

  21. Ceramics • FELDSPAR • Plagioclase feldspars • NaAlSi3O8 albite • CaAl2Si2O8 anorthite • Paracelsian • Ba(Al2Si2O8)

  22. Feldspars

  23. Kaolin and asbestos

  24. Kaolin, 2D view

  25. 2-connected

  26. 3-connected

  27. 4-connected

  28. Nets • 4-connected, two dimensional net • HgI • 4-connected, three dimensional net • Diamond, zincblende shown earlier

  29. HgI

  30. Li2Si2O5

  31. Thorium disilicide

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