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ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS BASED ON RESOURCES OF ANDEAN BIODIVERSITY: THE CASES OF MACA AND YACON

ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS BASED ON RESOURCES OF ANDEAN BIODIVERSITY: THE CASES OF MACA AND YACON. IVAN MANRIQUE AND WILLIAM ROCA CIP, Lima-Perú. Module 9: “Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights of Functional Foods”.

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ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS BASED ON RESOURCES OF ANDEAN BIODIVERSITY: THE CASES OF MACA AND YACON

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  1. ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS BASED ON RESOURCES OF ANDEAN BIODIVERSITY: THE CASES OF MACA AND YACON IVAN MANRIQUE AND WILLIAM ROCA CIP, Lima-Perú Module 9: “Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights of Functional Foods”. VI ENCUENTRO LATINOAMERICANO DE BIOTECNOLOGIA AGROPECUARIA Y FORESTAL-REDBIO 2007. October 22-26, 2007, Viña del Mar, Chile

  2. OCA Oxalates Polyphenols Carotenoids (USA, NZL, CHN) Andean roots and tubers ACHIRA Large starch grains Flour, noodles, adhesives (MEX, VNM) OLLUCO Pigments (DEN) AHIPA >95% amylopectine Rotenone (insecticide) (-) NATIVE POTATOES Polyphenols Carotenoids, anthocyanins Vit. C; Ca (-) ARRACACHA Small starch grains Vit, A, C; Baby foods (BRA) MACA Glucosinolates Alkaloids, phytosterols Unsat. fatty acids (-) MASHUA Glucosinolates, anthocyanins Nematicide, insecticide Anti-inflamat. (-) YACON Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) Phenolic compounds (JPN, NZL, KOR, CHN, BRA, PHL, CZR) MAUKA Proteins (-)

  3. Expected benefits from adding value (*) to Andean root and tuber crops • Improved food security and health (combat ‘hidden hunger’)(**) • Increased income, thereby contribution to poverty reduction • Shared benefits to stakeholders along the value chain: employment generation • Increased incentives to maintain biodiversity-cultural diversity • Enhanced access to biodiversity for wider utilization and livelihood functions (*) ADDING VALUE : connecting a resource to a use through identifying the bio-chemical and genetic bases of phenotipic traits, (**) GFU/UPS (2003)

  4. Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp .) Brasicaceae • Pre-Inca & Inca times: foods and rituals, warriors’ diet, tribute: 15 MT to Cusco • Conquest & Colonial times: animals recover fertility, tribute (100 yrs) • Post-colonial knowledge / use: energetic and reconstituent • Recent times: • 1990. only 50 ha planted-declared under extinction risk; compositional studies start • 1995. Swiss-chemical labs, Peru (with CIP): research & outreach • End 90’s: demand of maca flour grows in urban markets • Major functions: altitude-related infertility alleviation, sexual enhancement in mammals, vitality promotion in men & women • Internet publicity as “Andean Viagra”: maca exports increase • 2006. US$ 4 million due to 500 MT maca flour exports, 1500 farm families involved (6-7 thousand jobs)

  5. Maca crop features I • Crop distribution(*) • Genus Lepidium : 175 species ; Andes : 14 species • Maca : possibly only cultivated species • Central Andes PER: 90 - 95% • Altiplano PER-BOL, other: remaining % • Traditional use • Boiled and roasted: soups • Dried (stored): drinks (juice, cocktails), desserts • Nutritional value (**) • Fresh: + 80% water • Dry matter: • Carbohydrates • Protein • Essential aa (lysine, arginine) • Unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, lauric, palmitic) • Fiber • Minerals (Ca, Fe) (*) CIP (2005-06) (**) Dini et al (1994); Lock et al (2002)

  6. Maca functionality GLS • Glucosinolates(*) • Glucotropaeolin • Sinalbine • Benzylglucosinolate • Hydroxy-benzylglucosinolate • Methoxy-bencylglucosinolate • Alkaloids(**) • Macaene • Macamide • Flavonoids • Phytosterols(***) • Campesterol • Stigmasterol • Sitosterol Myrosinase Isothiocyanates Thiocyanates Nitriles, etc • Energy reconstitution • Fertility recovery • Plant defense • Carcinogenic detoxification • Block cancer cells proliferation (****) (*) Marthe et al (2002), (**) Piacente et al (2002), (***) Kyeong-Jun et al (2005) ; Norato et al (2003)

  7. Maca crop features II • A bi-annual species: vegetative & reproductive phases • Extreme environment conditions ( > 4,000 masl, strong winds, low RH, -4 to 15oC) • Variable productivity: 1-10 MT / ha • Depletes soil nutrients quickly (long rotation periods, high organic content) • Narrow intra-species variability: • Autogamous (cleistogamy) • Octoploid (2n=8x=64) • Strong GxE: yield, GLS content, etc (*) : Parameters Yellow Red Black Yield (Cerro de Pasco)(**) ++++++ ++ ++++ Glucosinolates (umol/g)(**) 13.3 17.9 10.8 Antioxidant capacity (ugTE/g)(**) 7500 11400 9800 Rats’ prostate size reduction(****) - + - Men’s spermatogenesis increase(****) - - + (*) Locher. Thesis; CIP-ETH collaboration (2006). (**) Clément et al. Poster; work with CIP (2007) (***) Gonzales et al (2005). (****) Gonzales et al (2001)

  8. Maca: export market trends (*) Exports 1999-2006 From 2003, volume of exported maca flour increased and unit price decreased Added value to export maca products In 2006, out of 50 enterprises involved, 5 obtained 35% of the total export value : US$ 266,000 each of 5 –vs- US$83,000 each of remaining 30 80% of exports consist of maca flour (*) Biocomercio, Peru. http://www.biocomercioperu.org/estadisticas.htm

  9. Higher levels of maca valorization Case “Pure World Botanicals”-”Naturex” Patent: a maca extract for pharmacological applications (US patent # 6,267,995; 2001) Extract compositionClaimed application 5-9% bencyl-isothiocianates Cancer 1-3 % sterols Sexual disfunction 20-30% fatty acids 10% or more macamides Also patented: process for obtaining the above extract IP status referred to the maca patent: The Pure World Botanicals’ patent utilized basic principles of traditional process for preparation of the extract (Yllesca 1994). “Naturex” recent offer (2007): Grant free patent licenses to Peruvian-owned companies to manufacture and sale maca extract. Naturex foundation will make development grants (education, medicine, and basic needs) to communities , consistent with the principles of the CBD.

  10. Levels of maca added value Genes Molecules Bioactive compounds Challenge: equitable distribution of benefits $ 39.0 Maca extracts $ 23.1 Maca capsules $ 8.3 Gelatinized flour $ 6.0 Maca flour $ 2.0 Dry maca $ 0.4/kg Fresh maca PROCESSING PROCESSING FARMERS’ FIELDS

  11. Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius). Asteraceae Geographic distribution Colombia Ecuador • Old registers: Candelaria Culture, Argentina • (1000 AD) and Nasca Culture, Peru( 500-1200 AD) • Smallanthus : 21 species ; all in the Americas • Yacon : allo-octoploid 6A + 2B ; 2n = 8X = 58 ; A =7 , B = 8 (*) • Low seed set and low seed viability (**) Peru : 6 collections = 399 accessions (*) Ishiki et al(1997) (**) “Sarada Otome “ –first yacon variety using embryo rescue , Japan. Perú Bolivia Argentina Inter-Andean valleys and temperate low lands (1800-3500 masl)

  12. Yacon migration • Tradicionally, the yacon crop was restricted to subsistence farming • Market interest: when yacón leaves the Andean region and first scientific research is reported (1989, Japan) Russia Czech Republic United States Korea China Taiwan Japan (1985) Ecuador (1982) Philippines Brazil (after 1989) New Zealand

  13. Yacon functional value Anti-glycemic Chlorogenic acid Caffeic acid and derivatives Antioxidant Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) 50 – 70 % FOS (Total CHs)Content: range 2-12 g/100 g (*) • Yacon functionality • FOS: low caloric (1-1.5 kcal/g) • FOS: promotes colon beneficial bacteria (1) • FOS: decreases blood triglyceride level (rats) (2) • FOS : increases Ca, Mg absorption; Ca bone accumulation (rats) (3) • Leaf extract reduces liver glucose (diabetic rats) (4) • Leaf infusion reduces blood sugar level; increases insuline (diabetic rats) (5) (*) CIP (2006): 8 accessions of CIP germplasm bank; (1) Pedreschi et al 2003; (2) Genta et al 2005; (3) Lobo et al 2007; (4) Valentova et al 2004; (5) Aybar et al 2001

  14. Yacon export market trends; products: syrup, leaflets, flour, tee As export volume increases, unit price goes down 300,000 251 thousand US$ 250,000 200,000 FOB value (US$) 150,000 13.1 US$ +700% 93 thousand kg 100,000 -80% 30 thousand US$ Unit value (US$/kg) 50,000 +4500% Volume (kg) 2.7 US$ 2 thousand kg 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Biocomercio, Peru. http://www.biocomercioperu.org/estadisticas.htm

  15. Yacon: research opportunities 1. Variation in key traits (Manrique 2006, CIP) Range genotypes(*) GxE (8x6)(**) FOS (%DM) 44 – 63 12.6 – 55.0 Root DM (%) 12 – 14 6.0 – 18.4 Root yield (t/ha) 37 – 57 2.8 – 49.7 Foliage yield (t/ha) 10 – 13 0.5 – 11.7 Precocity (days) 180 – 240 198 – 316 (*) Highest yields, precocity: AKW5075, resistence to oxidation: CLLUNC118 (**) Highest yields, precocity: OXA2, highest DM: CAJ1 2. Yacon clinical studies with humans (***) Yacon syrup effects on: triglyceride, glucose and insuline blood levels; Ca and Mg absorption; constipation; toxicity 3. Yacon FOS degradation after root harvest (***) Collaborative work: Univ,. Tucuman, Univ. Basilea, CIP

  16. CH2OH 1 2 5 F F F CH2OH 3 4 6 F(2 - 10) FOS Fructan fructosil transferasa (FFT) CH2OH 1 2 5 CH2OH 3 4 6 Fructan hidrolasa (FH) CH2 1 2 5 CH2OH 3 4 6 CH2OH 1 CH2 2 5 CH2OH 3 4 6 G F Approaching yacon FOS degradation • FOS degrades to simple sugars after harvest • After 10 days of storage, 40% FOS has degraded to F, S and G(*) • Cut down FH activity at harvest • Isolate and clone genes involved in FOS biosynthesis (SST y FFT), and express in yacon foliage and/or other biological systems (*) Graefe et al 2003 (CIP). Field Crops Research 86(2-3): 157-165

  17. Levels of yacon added value Genes Molecules Bioactive compounds Challenge: equitable distribution of benefits $$$ FOS $ 17.7 Capsules $ 8.8 Dehydrated leaves (tee) $ 8.4 Syrup $ 0.3 Selected roots $ 0.2 / kg Fresh roots PROCESSING PROCESSING . FARMERS’ FIELDS

  18. Adding value to R&T crop biodiversity through biotechnology Genetic maps Genetic markers DNA libraries Gene libraries Genes MORPHO-AGRON. CHARACTERIZ. Profiling Whole plant Tissues/Cells extraction SELECTED GERMPLASM (*) Genomics * Traditional breeding Tissue culture (HB) MAS Genetic engineering (*) GENETIC CHARACTERIZ. Profiling GENETICALLY IMPROVED GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS Ex-situ DNA extraction Metabolomics* BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZ. Profiling (*) SELECTED GERMPLASM Chemical extraction • AGROBIODIVERSITY • Cultivated • Wild Functional bioactive compounds Chemical libraries Molecules Extracts TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE (*) Phenotypic, genotypic assays; Contents; Bioavaiability; Toxicity; GxE ; Maca : Arabidopsis genetics and genomics

  19. GRACIAS! Acknowledgments: Carlos Arbizu, CIP, Lima Alberto Salas, CIP, Lima Cinthya Zorrilla, CIP, Lima Rommel Aguilar, UNDAC, Cerro de Pasco David Ponce, UNDAC, Cerro de Pasco Michael Hermann, Bioversity

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