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History of Taxonomy: Classification and Hierarchical Organization

Explore the history of taxonomy and how organisms have been classified based on their characteristics and evolutionary history, from Aristotle's early classifications to Linnaeus's hierarchical system. Learn about the levels of classification and the use of binomial nomenclature. Discover modern methods of classification, including morphology, chromosome comparisons, phylogenetic trees, and the fossil record. Understand the six-kingdom system and the characteristics of each kingdom.

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History of Taxonomy: Classification and Hierarchical Organization

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  1. Chapter 15 Classification

  2. History of Taxonomy

  3. Taxonomy • The branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

  4. Organisms were first classified more than 2,000 years ago by Aristotle • Grouped as plants or animals

  5. Linnaeus’s System • Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) – devised a system of grouping organisms into hierarchical categories • He used an organisms form and structure (morphology) to classify it

  6. Levels of Classification • Devised a nested hierarchy of seven different levels of organization • Kingdom (largest), phylum (division in plants), class, order, family, genus, species (smallest) • Taxa – each hierarchical division

  7. Section 17.1 Summary – pages 443-449 Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Felidae Family Genus Lynx Species Lynx rufus Lynx canadensis Bobcat Lynx

  8. Taxonomic rankings Section 17.1 Summary – pages 443-449 • Compare the appearance of a lynx, Lynx rufus, a bobcat, Lynx canadensis, and a mountain lion, Panthera concolor. Mountain lion Lynx Bobcat

  9. Binomial Nomenclature • Two part name system – in Latin – universal • The species name (scientific name) has two parts • Genus species • Ex. Homo sapiens

  10. How they are classified

  11. Taxonomists consider the phylogeny (evolutionary history) of the organism

  12. Modern Taxonomists consider: • Morphology • Chromosomal characteristics • Nucleotide sequences • Amino acid sequence • Embryological development

  13. Section 17.2 Summary – pages 450-459 Chromosome comparisons • For example, cauliflower, cabbage, kale, and broccoli look different but have chromosomes that are almost identical in structure.

  14. Phylogenetic Tree • A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationship thought to exist among groups of organisms

  15. The Fossil Record • Often provided clues to evolutionary relationships

  16. Morphology • Taxonomists study an organism’s morphology and compare it with the morphology of other living organisms

  17. Embryological Patterns of Development • Early patterns in embryological development provides evidence of phylogenetic relationships

  18. Chromosomes and Macromolecules • Taxonomists use comparisons of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins as a kind of “molecular clock”

  19. Biologists compare the karyotypes, or patterns of chromosomes, of two related species – regions that are the same are clues to the degree of relatedness of organisms

  20. Six-Kingdom System

  21. 1. Find three ways to group these animals2. What characteristics did you use for each classification?

  22. The five kingdom system was used for years but recently it was determined that there are two important subtypes with very different morphologies and properties

  23. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Unicellular prokaryotes with distinctive cell membranes as well as biochemical and genetic properties that differ from all other kinds of life • Some species are autotrophic, producing food by chemosynthesis

  24. Chemosynthesis – the production of carbohydrates through the use of energy from inorganic molecules instead of light • Many live in harsh environments • ex,. Sulfur hot springs, salty lakes, anaeorbic • Archae – “ancient”

  25. Kingdom Eubacteria • Eu = “true” • Unicellular prokaryotes • Most use oxygen • Germs

  26. Kingdom Protista • Mostly single-celled organisms • Lack specialized tissues • Membrane-bound true nucleus with linear chromosomes and they have membrane bound organelles • Eukaryotes

  27. Kingdom Fungi • Made of heterotrophic unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms • Absorb nutrients rather than ingesting them the way some protists do • 100,000 species • Ex. mushrooms

  28. Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular plants • Autotrophic and use photosynthesis • Live on land

  29. Have a sexual cycle based on meiosis • 350,000 species • Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

  30. Kingdom Animalia • Eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophic organisms • Symmetrical body organization • Standard sexual cycle that employs meiosis

  31. The End

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