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REFORMATIONS

REFORMATIONS. Challenges to the Hegemony of Roman Catholic Church. 12 th C: Cathar Heresy – countered by Crusade against Cathars 13 th C: Establishment of the Inquisition (1233): court established to stamp out heresy 14 th C:

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REFORMATIONS

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  1. REFORMATIONS

  2. Challenges to the Hegemony of Roman Catholic Church • 12th C: Cathar Heresy – countered by Crusade against Cathars • 13th C: Establishment of the Inquisition (1233): court established to stamp out heresy • 14th C: • John Wyclif (1328-84): first English Bible: Lollard Movement • Jan Hus (1369-1415): launched religious movement in Bohemia based on Wyclif’s ideas: Hussites. Excommunicated and burned at the stake.

  3. John Wyclif (1328-84) • A sample translation of John 3:16 from Wyclif’s Bible, written in the Middle English of his time: "Forsothe God so louede the world, that he gaf his oonbigetunsone, that ech man that bileueth in to him perische not, but haueeuerlastyngelyf.“ • "He declared the right of every Christian to know the Bible, and that the Bible emphasized the need of every Christian to see the importance of Christ alone as the sufficient way of salvation, without the aid of pilgrimages, works, and the Mass."

  4. Challenges to the Hegemony of Roman Catholic Church • 15th C: • William Tyndale (1484-1536): first printed English Bible • Rise of nation-states – breakdown of medieval centralization under Church and Pope • 16th C: Humanist reaction against Church corruption

  5. Weaknesses in Roman Catholic Church • Administrative divisions: competing Popes • Proliferation of questionable rituals • Pilgrimages • Saint worship • Endowment of masses • Corruption • Sale of Indulgences – certificates of remission from Purgatory • Simony – sale of Church offices

  6. Northern Renaissance • Rise of Middle Class that patronized the arts and valued education • Christian Humanism • Interest in classical humanism • Renewal of spiritual values and teachings of early Church Fathers • Criticism of Church corruption and materialism

  7. The Printing Press • Although printing with movable type had existed in East Asia since at least the 700's, the invention had not spread to Europe. • About 1440, the German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg developed movable type. • Printing soon became the first means of mass communication. • It put more knowledge in the hands of more people faster and more cheaply than ever before. • Reading and writing spread widely and rapidly.

  8. Erasmus by Hans Holbein Northern Renaissance: Christian Humanism • Grew out of German Universities • Renaissance classical studies: Greek and Latin • Focused on study and translation of early Christian manuscripts • Revival of Church life and doctrine based on early Christian literature Sir Thomas More by Hans Holbein Rabelais

  9. Lutheran ReformationMartin Luther (1483-1546) • Augustinian monk and Biblical scholar • 1517: Nailed 95 Theses on Church door at Wittenberg: particularly incensed by selling of indulgences • German translation of Bible • “Justification by faith alone” and “The Priesthood of all believers”

  10. Lutheran ReformationMartin Luther (1483-1546) • Two sacraments: Baptism and Holy Communion • Consubstantiation rather than Transubstantiation • Advocated universal education • Wrote hymns: “A Mighty Fortress Is Our God” • Supported by bourgeoisie, merchants, German princes • Countered Peasants’ Revolt

  11. Lutheran Reformation: Music • Luther saw music as a form of religious instruction • Hymnals: collections of religious songs • Professional and congregational singing in vernacular languages • Chorale: congregational hymn – communal expression of devotion • “Ein feste Burg is unser Gott” : “A Mighty Fortress is Our God” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiRpUtVByxU

  12. Albrecht Dürer1471-1528 • Portraits, landscapes, naturalistic studies, religious meditations • Woodcut engravings • Mass produced images • Illustrated books • Available to wide population

  13. Albrecht Dürer Young Hare1502watercolor

  14. Albrecht Dürer Praying Handswoodcut print

  15. Albrecht Dürer Four Horsemen of the Apocalypsewoodcut print Book of Revelation (6:1–8): "And I saw, and behold, a white horse, and its rider had a bow; and a crown was given to him, and he went out conquering and to conquer. When he opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature say, 'Come!' And out came another horse, bright red; its rider was permitted to take peace from the earth, so that men should slay one another; and he was given a great sword. When he opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature say, 'Come!' And I saw, and behold, a black horse, and its rider had a balance in his hand; … When he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature say, 'Come!' And I saw, and behold, a pale horse, and its rider's name was Death, and Hades followed him; and they were given great power over a fourth of the earth; to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by wild beasts of the earth." 

  16. Political Reformation Henry VIIIand theAnglican Church

  17. Political ReformationHenry VIII (1491-1547) • Proclaimed “Defender of the Faith” by Pope Clement VII when he countered Luther’s arguments • Sought divorce from Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn: refused by Pope • 1534: Act of Supremacy: declared the king as head of Church of England – Anglican Church • Ordered dissolution of monasteries: transfer of property to crown; iconoclasm

  18. Henry VIII 1509-1547 Edward VI 1547-1553 Lady Jane Grey 1553-1553 Mary I 1553-1558 Elizabeth I 1558-1603

  19. Reformed Churches • Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) • Swiss Humanist scholar • Salvation by grace and works • Baptism as a covenant/contract

  20. Reformed Churches: Calvinism • John Calvin (1509-64) • French Doctor of Law • Refuted RC opposition to usury: capitalism • Predestination • Established theocratic state in Geneva, Switzerland • Church governance: presbyterian, synodal, congregationalist • Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians

  21. John Knox Scottish (1505-72) Presbyterianism • Originally ordained a Roman Catholic priest, Knox became a Protestant and studied with Calvin in Switzerland. • On his return to Scotland, he became the leader of the Scottish Reformed Church • Knox and his supporters began to reshape the Scottish church--theologically and politically.

  22. Scottish Presbyterianism • Knox took the idea of representativegovernment characteristic of Calvin's reformed churches (communities lead by elected elders or "presbyters"), and applied it locally, regionally and nationally in total reversal of the top-down or hierarchical fashion of Catholic or "episcopalian" government.  • Local councils ("Presbyteries"), regional councils ("Synods") and national councils ("General Assemblies") were made up of representatives of the people.  • "Presbyterian" or representative church government--one source of inspiration for the new democratic forms of government that led eventually to the U.S. Constitution of 1789.

  23. Radical Reformation: Anabaptists • Rejected all sacraments as sources of God’s grace: total emphasis on Christian conscience and voluntary acceptance of Christ • Adult baptism: rebaptism – considered heretical by other Protestants • The Mass is not a sacrifice but a memorial – restricted to baptized believers • Pacifist • Anti-secular: religious separation from secular world • Shunning of sinners

  24. Radical Reformation: Anabaptists • Appealed to lower classes and peasants: Peasants Wars 1525-35 • Persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants – often burned at stake • Freedom of religion: priesthood of all believers, Bible as sole authority, ordinances rather than sacraments, separation of church and state • Genealogy: Baptism and Confirmation Registries • Amish, Hutterites, Waldensians, Mennonites, Quakers, Baptists, 7th Day Adventists, Jehovah’s Witnesses

  25. Anglican

  26. Catholic Counter-ReformationIgnatius Loyola(1491-1556) founder of the Jesuits

  27. Catholic Counter-Reformation • Council of Trent (1545-63) • Called for moral reform of clergy • Strengthened Church structures and institutions • Proclamation of dogmas • Affirmation of both Faith and Works • Transubstantiation • Establishment of Society of Jesus (Jesuits) under Ignatius Loyola • Vigorous missionary work in Americas and Asia • Revitalization of religious art: Baroque

  28. Counter-Reformation Art The zeal of the Counter-Reformation inspired a new, more dramatic and emotional artistic expression in Mannerist and Baroque artists. Bernini, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

  29. El Greco, Christ Carrying the Cross1580s

  30. Peter Paul Rubens, The Annunciation1610

  31. Caravaggio, St. Jerome, 1605-06

  32. Artemesia Gentileschi, Madonna and Child, 1610

  33. Artemesia Gentileschi,The Birth of John the Baptist

  34. Reformation Repercussions • Rivalry between Spain and England • 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada • Religious wars in France (1560-98) • The Thirty Years War (1618-48) • Revival of the Inquisition’s persecution of heretics • “The Burning Times” -- Witch-hunts (1550-1750) • Religious Persecution • Migration to the New World for religious freedom • French Huguenots to Florida – driven out by Spanish • Puritans to New England • Quakers and Amish to Pennsylvania • Roman Catholics to Maryland

  35. Deism • Natural theology: Derives the existence of God from reason and personal experience rather than divine revelation or scripture • Cultural influences: • Reaction against sectarian violence in Europe • Growing knowledge of diverse religious beliefs both classical and contemporary • Textual study of Biblical scriptures • Advances in scientific knowledge – Bible could not be seen as authoritative for matters of science • Skepticism about miracles and books that report them • “Watchmaker God” • Unitarianism William Blake

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