MLA Style A Guide to Citing Sources

1. MLA StyleA Guide to Citing Sources First things first: What is a citation? MLA citation style Why you need to cite your sources How to cite your sources Works Cited list Parenthetical citations

2. First things first: What is a citation? • A citationis a reference to a source used in a research project. Baines, Dudley. Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. Cambridge: University Press, 1995. Whenever you use another person’s ideas or words in a research paper, you must cite, or give credit, to that person. That’s called citing your source.

3. MLA citation style • Citations must be accurate and standard so that anyone who reads your research can easily find the information you used. MLA styleis a standard way of citing sources. This means each source you use should be formatted in a specific way. MLA style wasdeveloped bythe Modern LanguageAssociation.

4. Why you need to cite your sources There are three important reasons to cite your sources. • to find information • to show that you • understand your topic • to avoid plagiarism

5. Why you need to cite your sources • Citations help you remember where you got your information. • You can return to a source for more information or to clarify facts. • Citations help your readers locate information when they want to do more research.

6. Why you need to cite your sources Citations show that your research was careful and thorough. They also show that other people support what you’ve written about your topic.

7. Why you need to cite your sources • Citations give credit to people whose ideas you use. Plagiarism is using someone else’s ideas or knowledge without giving that person credit. Avoid plagiarism by giving people credit for their ideas and their words.

8. How to cite your sources • Use two ways to cite your sources. At the end of your paper, add a Works Cited list. Within the paper, use parenthetical citations.

9. How to cite your sources • A Works Cited list is a list of all the sources you used in your research paper. Here are some entries for part of a Works Cited list. Baines, Dudley. Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. Cambridge: University Press, 1995. Brenner, Reuven. “Land of Opportunity” Forbes 12 Oct. 1998: 66-68. “Chinese and Westward Expansion.” The Chinese in California, 1850-1925. 28 March 2003. Library of Congress. 20 Nov 2008 <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html>.

10. Works Cited list Books • Here is the basic format for a book entry in a Works Cited list. Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication. Author’s last name, Author’s first name.Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication. Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication. Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication. Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication. Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication. Baines, Dudley. Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. Cambridge: University Press, 1995. Baines, Dudley.Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. Cambridge: University Press, 1995. Baines, Dudley. Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. Cambridge: University Press, 1995. Baines, Dudley. Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. Cambridge: University Press, 1995. Baines, Dudley. Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. Cambridge: University Press, 1995. Baines, Dudley. Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. Cambridge: University Press, 1995.

11. Works Cited listPeriodicals • Periodicals arepublications that are published regularly, or periodically, such as newspapers, magazines, and journals.

12. Works Cited listPeriodicals • Here’s the basic format for a magazine article entry for the Works Cited list. Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Nameday Month year: page number(s). Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.”Magazine Name day Month year: page number(s). Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name day Month year: page number(s). Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name day Month year: page number(s). Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name day Month year: page number(s). Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name day Month year: page number(s). Brenner, Reuven. “Land of Opportunity”Forbes 12 Oct. 1998: 66-68. Brenner, Reuven. “Land of Opportunity” Forbes 12 Oct. 1998: 66-68. Brenner, Reuven. “Land of Opportunity” Forbes 12 Oct. 1998: 66-68. Brenner, Reuven. “Land of Opportunity” Forbes 12 Oct. 1998: 66-68. Brenner, Reuven. “Land of Opportunity” Forbes12 Oct. 1998: 66-68. Brenner, Reuven. “Land of Opportunity” Forbes12 Oct. 1998: 66-68. If the article isn’t printed on consecutive pages, give the first page and a plus sign. Newman, Kathy M. “America: Through Immigrant Eyes.” The Journal of American History Dec. 2006: 125+. Newman, Kathy M. “America: Through Immigrant Eyes.” The Journal of American History Dec. 2006: 125+.

13. Works Cited list Citing nonprint sources • There are many other kinds of sources besides books and magazines. You might use TV programs, DVDs, CDs, or Web sites. Web sites can be very useful as source material, but you must cite them properly.

14. Works Cited list Citing nonprint sources: Web site • Here’s the basic format for a Web site entry for the Works Cited list. • Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>. • Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>. • Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>. • Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>. • Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>. • Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>. Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.”Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>. • Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>. “Chinese and Westward Expansion.” The Chinese in California, 1850-1925. 28 March 2003. Library of Congress. 20 Nov 2008 <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html>. “Chinese and Westward Expansion.” The Chinese in California, 1850-1925. 28 March 2003. Library of Congress. 20 Nov 2008 <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html>. “Chinese and Westward Expansion.” The Chinese in California, 1850-1925. 28 March 2003. Library of Congress. 20 Nov 2008 <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html>. “Chinese and Westward Expansion.” The Chinese in California, 1850-1925. 28 March 2003. Library of Congress. 20 Nov 2008 <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html>. “Chinese and Westward Expansion.” The Chinese in California, 1850-1925. 28 March 2003. Library of Congress. 20 Nov 2008 <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html>. “Chinese and Westward Expansion.”The Chinese in California, 1850-1925. 28 March 2003. Library of Congress. 20 Nov 2008 <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html>. “Chinese and Westward Expansion.” The Chinese in California, 1850-1925. 28 March 2003. Library of Congress. 20 Nov 2008 <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html>.

15. Works Cited list • Sources are put in the Works Cited list in alphabetical order, double-spaced, and indented one-half inch. • Here is an excerpt from a final Works Cited list. Works Cited Baines, Dudley. Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. Cambridge: University Press, 1995. Brenner, Reuven. “Land of Opportunity” Forbes 12 Oct. 1998: 66-68.

16. Parenthetical citations Listing all your sources in the Works Cited list is an important part of your research paper. • In the body of your paper, you also need to tell exactly where you found any information that came from other sources. • You do that using a parenthetical citation.

17. Parenthetical citations • A parenthetical citation appears in the body of your paper wherever you use another person’s ideas, facts, or words. A parenthetical citation always refers to a source in your Works Cited list.

18. Parenthetical citations • To create a parenthetical citation, give the author’s last name and the page number(s) from the source. Put this information in parentheses at the end of the sentence, before the final punctuation. Many letters sent home to families were written with the intent of encouraging further emigration(Baines 32). Many letters sent home to families were written with the intent of encouraging further emigration (Baines 32). • Readers can now find complete information about the source in your Works Cited list. Baines, Dudley. Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. Cambridge: University Press, 1994. Baines, Dudley.Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930. Cambridge: University Press, 1995.

19. Parenthetical citations If the author’s name appears in the sentence, you need to cite only the page number(s) in parentheses. Dudley Baines notes that some letters sent home to families were written with the intent of encouraging further emigration (32). Dudley Baines notes that some letters sent home to families were written with the intent of encouraging further emigration (32). For sources without page numbers, like most Web sites, you should include the author’s name or the title of the source within the text instead of using parentheses. According to the Web page “Chinese and Westward Expansion” most Chinese immigrants were not allowed to own land or file mining claims. According to the Web page “Chinese and Westward Expansion” most Chinese immigrants were not allowed to own land or file mining claims.

20. Your Turn • All the examples in this presentation can be found in the Works Cited List Model, which is part of the Student Handouts for the MLA/APA Styles feature. • The handouts Your Turn: Create MLA Source Citations and Your Turn: Create MLA Parenthetical Citations also provide opportunities to practice creating sources and parenthetical citations.

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