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Citing Sources

Citing Sources. Chicago Style. Footnotes. Every source of information must be placed in a footnote. This includes references to direct quotes as well as paraphrased material.

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Citing Sources

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  1. Citing Sources Chicago Style

  2. Footnotes • Every source of information must be placed in a footnote. • This includes references to direct quotes as well as paraphrased material. • The first footnote gives the whole citation, while subsequent footnotes of the same material give an abbreivated version.

  3. Citing Sources • Format for footnotes is single spaced. • No extra lines between entries. • Long entries are separated by colons. • Punctuation counts

  4. Long Quotes • When you use a quote that is more than three lines long it must be off-set from your text. • It is not put in quotation marks but is indented 5 spaces from each margin. • These should be used sparingly and only when you need the exact wording.

  5. Ibid and op. cit. • Ibid refers to the exact reference as above. • “In the same place. Used in footnotes and bibliographies to refer to the book, chapter, article, or page cited just before.” • Op. cit. is when it is a reference prior to the one directly above, and simply means “in the work cited.” • It is often confusing to use these terms, so unless you are exactly clear, just use the abbreviated version to ensure that you do not confuse your reader.

  6. Footnotes • A footnote is considered a sentence that describes the citation you are providing. • It should be a natural sentence, therefore the author’s name is first name first, then last name, followed by a comma and the title of the article, followed by where it can be found, publisher, date, etc.

  7. Footnote • In this case, the author is first, followed by a comma. The title of the article is in quotation marks, followed by another comma and the end quotation marks. • The article is found in the journal, Current History. • Journal titles, book titles and either underlined or italicized, never both. • Following the journal is the month of publication, year and page number. • The final thing is a period at the end.

  8. Bibliography • The bibliography is a complete listing of all the works cited in the paper. • You cannot pad the bibliography by adding works not cited in the footnotes. • Just because you read it isn’t good enough, you have to explicitly use it to put in in the bibliography. • The bibliography is alphabetized by last name of author to ensure that people can find the source.

  9. Bibliograpy • The punctuation is different in the bibliography. • There are periods where there once were commas. • The journal articles include the page ranges rather than pages cited. • Single spaced • Hanging indent

  10. Bibliography vs Footnote

  11. Website for guidelines • To find specifics on books, journals, newspapers and internet sources consult a style guide. • You can find these in book stores or on internet cites. • http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/cmosfaq/tools.html • Style guides provide other useful information such as grammar and punctuation.

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