THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

1. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM C14L2

2. How do bones, muscles, and skin help maintain the body’s homeostasis?

3. The Muscular System • What does the muscular system do? • How do types of muscle differ? • How does the muscular system interact with other body systems?

4. Muscular System Stats • There are approximately 600 muscles. • Of all the many different kinds of cells in the human body, only muscle cells have the ability to shorten (contract) and return to their original length (relax).

5. Functions of muscles • movement • stability • protection • maintain body temperature • helps digestion and respiration

6. Movement • Bones move when muscles contract. • Tendons attach muscles to bones and help keep joints in place when your body moves. • The two key words that describe the muscular system are contraction and movement. • Contraction refers to the ability of a muscle tissue to shorten and thereby cause movement. • Your muscles can move your body only by pulling, never by pushing.

7. Stability Your muscles pull in different directions to help you keep your balance.

8. Protection Muscles protect your body by covering most of your skeleton and most of the organs inside your body like a layer of padding.

9. Maintain Body Temperature • Shivering occurs when muscles contract rapidly and change chemical energy to thermal energy, thereby raising your body’s temperature. • Muscles also change chemical energy to thermalenergy during exercise.

10. Helps Digestion & Respiration There are many muscles in your body that are not attached to bones. The contraction of these muscles cause blood and food to move throughout your body.

11. Muscle Nervous Control Some muscles you consciously control, and others you can't.  voluntary - a muscle that can be controlled at will (you consciously control)  involuntary - muscles controlled automatically by the brain; controlled without conscious effort

12. Types of muscle tissue (distinguished by their location, microscopic appearance, and type of nervous control) • Skeletal Muscle • Visceral Muscle • Cardiac Muscle

13. Skeletal Muscle • named for its location (usually attached to skeleton) • striated (dark and light stripes in its cells)-appearance • voluntary (controlled by conscious thought)

14. Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles move bones by pulling them and working in pairs.

15. Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles move bones by pulling them and working in pairs.

16. Skeletal Muscle • Your skeletal muscles can change throughout your lifetime. • Exercise allows muscle cells to increase in size, making the entire muscle larger and stronger.

17. Visceral Muscle • location: walls of internal organs, iris of the eye, sphincters • appearance: nonstriated or smooth (shorter, one nucleus, arranged loosely) • nervous control: involuntary (not directly controlled by conscious thought)

18. Visceral Muscle the term visceral refers to internal organs the name fits well because visceral muscles is located in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and urinary bladder visceral muscle is also located in the iris of the eye most of the sphincters (circular bundles of muscles that regulate the diameter of various tubular organs and openings) are visceral muscles; the muscular valves at both ends of the stomach are examples of sphincters

19. Visceral Muscle Contraction of smooth muscles helps move material through the body, such as food in the stomach and blood through the vessels

20. Cardiac Muscle • location: only in heart • appearance: striated (striations are not as regular and distinct as skeletal; muscle fibers are branched and joined together) • nervous control: involuntary

21. Cardiac Muscle • When cardiac muscles contract and relax, they pump blood through your heart and through vessels throughout your body. • Cardiac cells send signals to other cardiac cells so that they all contract at the same time.

22. The Muscular System and Homeostasis • Muscle contractions convert chemical energy to thermal energy and keep your body warm. • When you exercise, the cardiac muscles of your heart help maintain homeostasis by contracting more often. • When it contracts faster, the heart pumps more blood and more oxygen is carried to the cells.

23. Muscles Disorders & Diseases

24. atrophy a great reduction in muscle fibers and possible replacement by fibrous tissue; commonly occurs when limbs are in casts or when nerve cells that supply muscles are destroyed by injury or disease

25. convulsions violent, involuntary contractions of an entire group of muscles; characteristic of epileptic seizures and drug withdrawals

26. cramps painful, involuntary contractions in those muscles that have been used heavily and have suffered from fatigue

27. muscular dystrophy a progressively crippling disease of unknown cause in which the muscles gradually weaken and atrophy

28. paralysis inability to move a muscle or muscles; usually because of some nervous system failure

29. shin splints a soreness on the front of the lower leg due to straining a muscle; often as a result of walking up and down hills

30. spasm an involuntary contraction of shorter duration than a cramp and usually not as painful