Progress of magnetic fusion research and ITER J. Jacquinot 12/11/2013

1. Progress of magnetic fusion researchandITERJ. Jacquinot 12/11/2013 ITER JET J J, table ronde 24 novembre 2012

2. Confining a 100 million degree plasma A.D. Sakharov I.E. Tamm • Energy gain if: nTE ~ 1021 m-3.keV.s ~ 1 bar.s • - n (density) = 1020 particles/m3 easy! • - T (temperature) ≥ 10 keV achieved • - E (energy confinement time) ≥ 4 difficult, critical size • What machine size for a good efficiency? ITER • Method: - Hydrogen gas introduced in a vacuum chamberis heated. It becomes a plasma - A strong magnetic field confines the plasma from the walls. - Fusion born helium atoms maintain the plasma temperature Toroidal field coils Poloidal field coil Central solenoid

3. ITER : an essential step towards the reactor • Gain a factor 3 à 5 in E • Increase duration • Develop materials for DEMO Need to: Medium Tokamaks 25 m3 ~ 0 Q ~ 0 6 minutes 0% JET 80 m3 ~ 16 MWth Q ~ 1 10 sec 10 % ITER 800 m3 ~ 500 MWth Q ~ 10 10’ to CW 70 % DEMO ~ 1000 - 3500 m3 ~ 2000 - 4000 MWth Q ~ 30 CW 80 à 90 %     ------------------------- Self heating -----------------------

4. JET: performance & scaling . D/T, beryllium . Remote handling . International organisation since 1978, still operating. With plasma Without plasma

5. Confinement scaling laws: wind tunnel method ≈30 years • Gyro Bohm  ITER Tokamaks cross sections compared to ITER Confinement law: 3 main parameters:ρ*, n*, ßN

6. ITER Tore Supra Electric potential Fluctuations Size of turbulent structures are independent of machine size Confinement scales as: Turbulence in tokamaks(computing) JET • Done with High Performance Computing: 8 192 processors for ~ 1 month 6.1 millions hours of computational time (~7 centuries on one processor !)

7. ITER target: 500 MWth About 2x larger than JET 50 MWth Self heatingby fusion born helium ITER 500 MWth JET TS R (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 Homo sapiens sapiens Fusion technologies

8. ITER international organisation: Created in 2007, treaty based as UN or UNESCO 7 partners, 35 countries 500 staff now on Cadarache site 9 % 46 % 9 % 9 % 9 % 9 % 9 % Construction: 2010 – 2022 ; 10 to 12 G€ Exploitation: >20 years; 2022 – 2042 34 % 13 % 13 % 10 % 10 % 10 % 10 %

9. ITER Research Plan – Structure Hydrogen/ Helium • Develop plasma scenarios • Commission Control, H&CD, Diagnostics • Disruptions, Disruption Mitigation • H-modes (helium) • ELM control Deuterium • Deuterium H-modes • DT scenario preparation • Trace tritium experiments DT • Fusion power production • Q=10 • Towards long pulse more DT Towards the future

10. ITER Tokamak Cryostat Feeders (31) Thermal Shield Toroidal Field Coils (18) Vacuum Vessel Poloidal Field Coils (6) In-vessel Coils Blanket Correction Coils (18) Central Solenoid (6) Divertor 90% of the machine is supplied in-kind by the 7 partners

11. Largest magnet in the world! compare to the 10.5 GJ in the 27km of the Large Hadron Collider (CERN)

12. TF Conductor Procurement ~90 km / 450 t of Nb3Sn conductor have been manufactured by EU, JA, RF, KO, & US 95% of the strand needs procured The biggest Nb3Sn conductor procurement in history 40 mm diameter Strand ITER TF Conductor

13. The TF coil production islaunched… In Toulon (CNIM) and in Camerana, Italy(SIMIC), scale 1 prototypes of the support structures for the toroidalfieldcoils are beingmachined.

14. …in the entire World jflmjmldjmljbvml A Russian contribution to ITER: a jacketing unit for the super conductingcables in the research centre JSC VNIIKP in Moscow.

15. ITER site - September 2011 TORE SUPRA PF building Tokamak Building Headquarters

16. Anti sismic pads in the foundations

17. PF coil building Inside the building for the assembly of the “PF” coils.

18. Summary Fusion energy: an attractive solution for the long term ITER:A key step; the construction is on-going with an unprecedented international collaboration An exciting scientific programme !