1 / 27

Ecology

Ecology. Chapters 2-5. Ecology. Ecology - The study of the relationships and interactions among living organism Habitat - an area where an organism lives Niche - the role that an organism has in its environment. Limiting Factors. Biotic factors A. Any living limiting factor

benny
Download Presentation

Ecology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Ecology Chapters 2-5

  2. Ecology • Ecology - The study of the relationships and interactions among living organism • Habitat - an area where an organism lives • Niche - the role that an organism has in its environment

  3. Limiting Factors • Biotic factors • A. Any living limiting factor • B. Examples: • 1. White-tail deer browse white pine seedlings • 2. Red-tailed hawks prey upon field mice

  4. Limiting Factors • Abiotic factors • A. Any non-living limiting factor • B. Examples: • 1. Frost kills off mosquitoes • 2. Limited sunlight promotes spindly sp

  5. Levels of Organization • 1. Atom • Smallest unit of organization • Bind together to form molecules • 2. Cell • unit of structure and function • example: muscle cell • 3. Tissue • cells working together to perform a function • example: muscle tissue

  6. Levels of Organization • 4. Organ • several different tissues that function together • example: heart • 5. Organ System • several organs that work together • example: muscular system • 6. Organism • group of organ systems that work together • example: snapping turtle

  7. Levels of Organization • 7. Population: • individuals of the same type that interbreed • 8. Community: • interacting populations same place and same time • 9. Ecosystem: • community and its physical environment • 10. Biome: • large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities • 11. Biosphere: • the portion of earth that supports life

  8. Interactions • Symbiosis - the relationship that exists when two or more organisms live together • 1. Predator-prey • a. Definition: prey is eaten by the predator • b. Example: mouse is eaten by rattlesnake • 2. Parasitism • a. Resembles predator-prey relationship • Similar in that a parasite feeds on a host • Different in that death does not result immediately • b. Examples: fleas, ticks, leeches, tapeworms

  9. Interactions • 3.Competition • a. Definition: organisms strive for same limited resource • b. Example: intertidal zone barnacles • Chthalamuscan tolerate the entire intertidal zone • Semibalanuscan only tolerate only the lower region • 4. Mutualism • a. Definition: cooperative relationship, both benefit • b. Example: pollination • Pollinators gain nectar (food) from the flower • Flower pollen is spread by pollinators

  10. Interactions • 5. Commensalism • a. Definition: one organism benefits, other is unaffected • b. Example: cattle egrets feed on small animals stirred up by Cape buffalo foraging in grass

  11. Relationships • Autotroph - collects energy from sunlight, or inorganic substances • Heterotroph- organism that gets its energy from consuming other organisms (consumers) • Herbivore - heterotroph that only eats plants • Carnivore - heterotroph that only eats meat (animals) • Omnivore - heterotrophs that eat both plants and animals

  12. Relationships • Trophic Level - a level in the flow of energy • Biomass - the total mass of living matter at each trophic level • Food Chain - shows how energy flows through an ecosystem • Food Webs - model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms

  13. Energy Pyramid • Energy/Biomass/Numbers Pyramid - model used to show how energy flows through ecosystems • Each level shows the amount of substance that are contained in that level • Each step up in the pyramid is translates into a 90% loss • Only 10% of the energy is used in cellular processes

  14. Energy Pyramid • Another way to say this is........ • When an animal eats another animal only 10% of the energy is transferred into usable energy by the new animal, the other 90% is lost

  15. Water Cycle

  16. Water Cycle • Evaporation - • Condensation - • Precipitation - • Transpiration - • Percolation -

  17. Carbon Cycle

  18. Nitrogen Cycle

  19. Imaginary Ecology • Side 1 • Cut your Imaginary plants and animals out and put them into your imaginary habitat • You will have to draw the background of the habitat (make a scene) • Connect your Imaginary plants and animals with lines showing a food chain, on the line write out the relationship (ex. Carnivore eats herbivore, Herbivore eats producer) • Also label which are heterotrophs and which are autotrophs

  20. MN Ecology • Side 2 • Left half • List of MN plants and animals and a food web diagramming how they interact • Right half top quarter • MN ecology food pyramid • Right half bottom quarter • Water Cycle

  21. Populations • Population Density - the number of organisms per unit area • Dispersion - the spacing of a population within an area • ex. uniform, clumped, random • Density - independent factor - any factor in the environment that does not depend on the number of members in specific area usually abiotic factors like weather, water, pollution, air • Density - dependant factors - any factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a specific area • usually biotic factors like predation, disease, parasites, competition • Population growth rate - explains how fast a given population grows

  22. Populations • Capture/Recapture Method - capture and recapture to determine the size of the populations • Suppose the population is of size N, so that N is the number we wish to estimate. Suppose, M organisms were captured, marked (or tagged) and released back into the population. After some time that should be sufficient for organisms to mix, n organisms were captured, and m of these appeared to be marked. The proportion of recaptured organisms is assumed to be the same as the portion of marked organisms

  23. Population Equation • Equation = Marked recaptured/total recaptured = total captured/x

  24. Populations • Carrying Capacity - maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support for the long term • Think of some factors that can effect the carrying capacity of an environment

  25. TEST Info • 15 short answer questions • Ecology • Biotic/Abiotic Factors • Habitat/Niche • Community Interactions • Symbiotic Relationships • Autotroph/Heterotroph • Food Web/Food Chain/Pyramid • 10% rule • Biogeochemcial processes • Population Density/Population Limiting Factor • Capture/Recapture method • Carrying Capacity

More Related