Lancaster and York

1. Lancaster and York In 1399 Richard II (who had no children) was deposed and Henry IV became king. Died 1412. Henry V a soldier. Agincourt 1415. Decisive victory against the French (English dead approx 100, French approx 7,000). Henry became heir to the French throne. But he died in 1422. Parsons UK/US History

2. Lancaster and York Henry VI (acceded to the throne at the age of eight months ...). Poor regents, ineffectual kingship. Lost gains in France. Henry VI suffered occasional bouts of madness ... Challenge to the throne by Richard of York, 1455. Later known as the "war of the roses". Henry VI deposed 1461, Edward IV. Parsons UK/US History

3. Lancaster and York Lancastrians red rose, Yorkists white rose. Years of battles. 1471 defeat Lancastrians (battle of Tewkesbury). Edward IV started to restore order, trade and some prosperity. Parsons UK/US History

4. Lancaster and York Edward IV died 1483. Edward V proclaimed king. 13 years old. Killed with his younger brother in the Tower of London, perhaps by Edward IV's brother (their uncle) Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who became king until 1485, killed in the final battle of the Wars of the Roses, the battle of Bosworth, won by Henry Tudor, another claimant to the throne. Parsons UK/US History

5. The Princes in the Tower"The Princes in the Tower" by John Everett Millais (June 8, 1829–August 13, 1896), published (1878) (public domain). Wikipedia Parsons UK/US History

6. Tudors 1485 considered end of Middle Ages. Henry VII. Parsons UK/US History

7. Tudors Lords weakened by wars: many nobles had died in battle; commons infrequently summoned. King reigned with Privy Council and powerful judicial body known as the Star Chamber. England began to look up in the world ... Parsons UK/US History

8. Tudors In 1497 John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), who had received instructions from Henry VII to discover new lands to the West, sailed from Bristol and discovered Newfoundland. Parsons UK/US History

9. Tudors Henry's son Prince Arthur married Catherine of Aragon (1501); Henry's daughter Margaret married King James IV of Scotland (1503). Henry died in 1509. His skilful government had amassed great wealth. He had invested heavily in shipbuilding... Parsons UK/US History

10. Henry VIII Prince Arthur died shortly after marriage to Catherine, aged 14. The Pope granted a dispensation to his younger brother Henry to marry her. In 1509 on Henry VII's death his second son became Henry VIII, a young, energetic, handsome man (when he was young ...). He married Catherine soon after he became king. Parsons UK/US History

11. Catherine of Aragon in 1502 Parsons UK/US History

12. Henry VIII in 1509 Parsons UK/US History

13. Henry VIII in 1520 Parsons UK/US History

14. Henry VIII Henry had a daughter with Catherine (Mary) but their son had died in early infancy. Henry was apparently worried by a biblical quotation which seemed all too apposite: "And if a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing ... They shall be childless" Parsons UK/US History

15. Henry VIII He wanted an annulment. During this time he fell in love with Anne Boleyn. In January 1533 Henry married her, and shortly afterwards Elizabeth was born (there was however to be no living son). The Pope had refused to grant the annulment, but Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer declared the marriage to Catherine was null and void. Parsons UK/US History

16. Anne Boleyn Parsons UK/US History

17. Henry VIII The Pope was angry and excommunicated Henry. Henry summoned Parliament which passed the Act of Supremacy making the King the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Dissolution of monasteries 1536-1539. Anne had a son in January 1536, but he was stillborn. She was beheaded on trumped-up charges of adultery in 1536. Parsons UK/US History

18. Henry VIII Also in 1536: Act of Union formally annexed Wales. English sole official language. Parsons UK/US History

19. Henry VIII in 1535 Parsons UK/US History

20. Henry VIII in 1536 (painting by Hans Holbein) Parsons UK/US History

21. Henry VIII Henry married Jane Seymour a few days later, who gave him a son in 1537. Jane died shortly afterwards. The son Edward was not a robust child, and Henry feared he might also die (though Edward in fact later succeeded Henry VIII). Henry was persuaded to marry Anne of Cleves, the sister of a powerful European Protestant. Parsons UK/US History

22. Henry VIII The marriage was arranged by the King's Chancellor of the Exchequer Thomas Cromwell. Holbein was sent to paint a picture, and produced a flattering portrait. When she arrived, Henry found her decidedly unattractive. The marriage also became politically inexpedient. Henry sought an annulment, claiming the marriage had not been consummated. Granted. Parsons UK/US History

23. Anne of Cleves Parsons UK/US History

24. Henry VIII The marriage cost Thomas Cromwell his life. Henry married Catherine Howard. However Catherine was accused of adultery soon afterwards (she admitted this was true). The marriage was annulled and Catherine executed February 1542. In 1543 Henry married Catherine Parr. Parsons UK/US History

25. Catherine Howard Parsons UK/US History

26. Catherine Parr Parsons UK/US History

27. Edward VI Henry died in 1547 and his son Edward inherited the crown. However he was only 9 and ruled with a committee of executors. Under his reign England became a Protestant country. Destruction images and decorations; "popish" furniture in churches removed Edward died in 1553. Attempt to place Protestant Lady Jane Grey on throne failed. Parsons UK/US History

28. Mary Queen of Scots Mary (Catholic) became Queen. Burning of Protestants ... Lady Jane Grey executed. Mary married Philip I of Spain, but they had no children. Mary died in 1558. Her half-sister Elizabeth, who had been brought up as a Protestant, became Queen, and she lived until 1603. Parsons UK/US History

29. Elizabeth I Elizabeth wanted to calm the troubled waters of religious controversy, though maintaining control. Foreign policy was affected by religion: England's two more powerful rivals France and Spain were both Catholic. She refused marriage to suitors from either country. She also had to face plots to install Mary Queen of Scots (Catholic Queen of Scotland). Parsons UK/US History

30. Elizabeth I England's relations with Spain under Elizabeth became tense. She encouraged privateers in the Caribbean (Hawkins, Drake, Frobisher), attacking Spanish galleons from about 1570 onwards. Elizabeth gave aid to Dutch resisting Spanish rule. Drake attacked Spanish ships off Cadiz. Spanish decided to attack England. Invincible Armada 1588. Parsons UK/US History

31. Elizabeth I Drake and his game of bowls at Plymouth Hoe... According to the legend, Drake was playing bowls when he was given news of the impending arrival of the Spanish armada. Drake said there was plenty of time to finish the game and then beat the Spanish ... so carried on playing. Parsons UK/US History

32. Elizabeth I - "Armada" portrait Parsons UK/US History

33. Elizabeth I - "Armada" portrait - detail Parsons UK/US History

34. Elizabeth I - "Armada" portrait - detail Parsons UK/US History

35. Elizabeth I - "Armada" portrait - detail. Francis Drake had become the first Englidshman to sail round the world Parsons UK/US History

36. Elizabethan era Sir Walter Raleigh (potatoes and tobacco ...). Colonies in North America. Virginia (in honour of the virgin Queen). Parsons UK/US History

37. Elizabeth I In 1600 Queen Elizabeth granted a charter to the East India Company. Competition with the Dutch. Wars in Ireland to subdue the population. Settlement, especially in Ulster. Parsons UK/US History

38. Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots was imprisoned in England for many years, until she was finally executed in 1587. Parsons UK/US History

39. Elizabethan era Parliament obtained rights (right to speak freely etc); gentry and merchants were becoming more powerful and more wealthy. Parsons UK/US History

40. Elizabethan era Elizabeth's long reign was marked by intellectual and artistic achievements. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) (philosophy), Shakespeare (1554-1616), Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) (Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine, ...), Ben Jonson (1572-1637) (Volpone, The Alchemist). Poor Law 1601. Parish responsible for destitute. Parsons UK/US History

41. Elizabethan playwrights and poets Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Jonson Parsons UK/US History

42. James VI/I Mary's son James VI became James VI of Scotland in 1578. When Elizabeth died in 1603, James VI of Scotland became king of England as James I. Nov 5 1605 Gunpowder plot ... Guy Fawkes and fellow Catholic conspirators tried to blow up King and Parliament. Gunpowder discovered in cellars. Still commemorated. Parsons UK/US History

43. James I and the Stuarts James I believed deeply in the divine right of kings: kings were appointed and anointed by God. Parliament was unimpressed. James spent most of his reign arguing with Parliament over money. (1620 Mayflower Pilgrim fathers) 1625 King Charles I. Growing tension between King and Parliament. Parsons UK/US History

44. Charles I Parsons UK/US History

45. Charles I Charles summoned Parliament to raise money several times: tension as Parliament sought to limit the funds it would vote and to impose conditions which made the King depend more on Parliament. Ruled without Parliament for long periods. Appointed "High Church" Archbishop of Canterbury: reinstated ceremony etc. Scots in particular resisted. Parsons UK/US History

46. Charles I Charles sent army in 1638, but decided not to engage the Scottish forces and agreed to pay the Scots for the expenses they had incurred. This strained relations with Parliament. He agreed to summon Parliament regularly (at least once every three years). In Ireland rebellion 1641. Charles wanted to raise army; Parliament feared this would be used against them. Parsons UK/US History

47. Charles I - Oliver Cromwell 1642 crisis: Civil War. Bitter war between Royalists and Parliamentarians (Cavaliers and Roundheads). Parliamentary general Oliver Cromwell. Battle of Naseby 1645 King defeated and captured. 1649 Charles beheaded. Oliver Cromwell "Lord Protector". Commonwealth. Parsons UK/US History

48. OliverCromwell:"warts andall" Parsons UK/US History

49. Oliver Cromwell Cromwell severely repressed Irish rebellion. "Levellers" in England rebelled against authoritarian government. Defeated. Killjoy government. Oliver Cromwell died 1658. His son Richard not up to the task ... 1660 Charles II recalled. Restoration. Charles II also believed in divine right of kings and admired Louis XIV. Parsons UK/US History

50. Charles II Charles a little more flexible ... Emergence "Whigs" (pro-Parliamentary) and "Tories" (pro-Royalist) 1665-6 Great Plague, 1666 Great Fire of London. James II King on Charles' death in 1685. James II favourable to Catholicism but as he was old and had no son Parliament thought it could wait ... Parsons UK/US History