Chapter 5 Introduction to Nanobiology

1. Chapter 5 • Introduction to Nanobiology

2. Chapter 5 Introduction to Nanobiology • Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • Biological Function at the Nanoscale • Practical Applications

3. Introduction to Nanobiology • 1 • 5 Section 1: Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • Molecular Machines • The Biological Importance of Water • The Building Blocks of DNA: Nucleotides • Multifunctional Polymers: Proteins • Lipids • Carbohydrates • The Bonds of Molecular Components

4. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Molecular Machines

5. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Flagellar Motors

6. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 The Biological Importance of Water Liquid Water Ice

7. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Single Stranded DNA

8. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 DNA: Watson-Crick Base Pairs

9. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Single Stranded RNA

10. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Multifunctional Polymers: Proteins

11. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Phospholipids

12. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Membrane Self Assembling Monolayer

13. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Common Sugars – Cn(H2O)n

14. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Glucose

15. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Carbohydrates: Glucose Polymers glycogen linear: α (1 → 4) D-glucose branch: α (1 → 6) D-glucose cellulose linear: β (1 → 4) D-glucose

16. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Ribose

17. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 Nucleic Acids DNA RNA

18. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life • 1 • 5 The Bonds of Molecular Components

19. Introduction to Nanobiology • 2 • 5 Section 2: Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • Learning from Nature • Structures within Structures: DNA • Complexity and Diversity of Structured Components: Proteins • Other Structures within Structures: Cells • Structures within Cells: Phospholipids • Inner Components of Cells: Organelles • Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural? • Physical Characteristics • Bottom-Up Hierarchy

20. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Learning from Nature

21. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Structures within Structures: DNA

22. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Scaffolded DNA Origami

23. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Complexity and Diversity of Proteins Primary Protein Structure Secondary Protein Structure Tertiary Protein Structure Quaternary Protein Structure

24. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Protein Folding

25. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Collagen Self-Assembly

26. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Other Structures within Structures: Cells

27. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Other Structures within Structures: Cells

28. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Inner Components of Cells: Organelles • Nucleus • DNA storage and gene expression • Mitochondria • Energy conversion: glucose bonds to ATP bonds • Chloroplasts • Energy conversion: sunlight to ATP bonds • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Synthesis and transport processes • Golgi Apparatus • Synthesis and transport processes

29. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Structures within Cells: Phospholipids

30. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Structures within Cells: Phospholipids

31. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural? • South American Butterfly from Genus Morpho • Tops of brown wings appear iridescent blue • Photonic structures • Constructive interference from Stacked chitin lamellae (~70 nm) False color SEM image, X14,000

32. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural? • Blue-Ringed Octopus • Hapalochlaena lunulata • Dynamic Photonic Structure • ~70 nm Bragg reflector with adjustable spacing

33. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Physical Characteristics 153 ± 1º 154 ± 1º Lotus Leaf Biomimetic Silanized Silicon Surface

34. Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up • 2 • 5 Bottom-Up Hierarchy • Biological Molecules • Cells • Tissues • Organisms • Populations and Communities • Ecosystems • Biosphere

35. Introduction to Nanobiology • 3 • 5 Section 3: Biological Function at the Nanoscale • Processes of DNA • Reproduction of genetic information • Gene expression and RNA • Energy Production for Cell Use • Transportation of materials for energy production • Cross-membrane energy production and storage • Energy production through sunlight conversion • Energy Processes as Motors • Nanomotors • Cell and Environment Interaction

36. Biological Function at the Nanoscale • 3 • 5 Gene Expression and RNA

37. Biological Function at the Nanoscale • 3 • 5 Reproduction of Genetic Information

38. Biological Function at the Nanoscale • 3 • 5 Energy Production for Cell Use

39. Biological Function at the Nanoscale • 3 • 5 Transportation of Materials for Energy Production • empty binding site T ATP D ADP P Pi

40. Biological Function at the Nanoscale • 3 • 5 Cross-Membrane Energy Production and Storage 3 Na+cytosol + 2 K+out + ATP → 3 Na+out + 2 K+cytosol + ADP + Pi

41. Biological Function at the Nanoscale • 3 • 5 Cross-Membrane Energy Production and Storage

42. Biological Function at the Nanoscale • 3 • 5 Energy Production through Sunlight Conversion 3 H+lumen + ADP + Pi→ 3 H+stroma+ ATP Matrix/Stroma Intermembrane Space/Lumen

43. Biological Function at the Nanoscale • 3 • 5 Energy Processes as Motors

44. Biological Function at the Nanoscale • 3 • 5 Nanomotors • Biomimetic Nanomotor Requirements • Energy source • Unidirectional, 360º rotation • Biomotor Predictions • 0.05 to 0.2 rotations per picosecond • Mixotricha Paradoxa, a Cellulose-Digesting Protozoan that Inhabits Termite Guts • Translocation from symbiotic bacterial colony

45. Biological Function at the Nanoscale • 3 • 5 Cell and Environment Interaction • Dynamic Focal Adhesion Complex • Integrin Surface Proteins • ECM Recognition Site: RGD

46. Introduction to Nanobiology • 4 • 5 Section 4: Practical Applications • DNA Sequencing • Detection and Diagnostics • DNA Microarrays • Protein Microarrays • Detection Using Nanoparticles • Materials Delivery System • Creating Compatible Artificial Surfaces • Creating Tissues Out of Cells • Looking Ahead

47. Practical Applications • 4 • 5 DNA Sequencing Conventional Nanotechnology Concept

48. Practical Applications • 4 • 5 Detection and Diagnostics • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) • Immuno-PCR • Bio-Barcode Assay

49. Practical Applications • 4 • 5 Microarrays DNA Microarrays Protein Microarrays

50. Practical Applications • 4 • 5 Detection Using Nanoparticles • Visualization • Quantum dots • Targeted Delivery • Magnetic or optically activated nanoparticles