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Chapter 5: Introduction to Sensation

Chapter 5: Introduction to Sensation. Outline. 1. Basic Principles 2. Vision 3. Hearing 4. Touch 5. Taste 6. Smell. Sensation. Sensation Perception. Sensation. Bottom-Up Processing Top-Down Processing. 1. Sensation- Basic Principles. A. Thresholds Psychophysics.

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Sensation

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  1. Chapter 5: Introduction to Sensation

  2. Outline 1. Basic Principles 2. Vision 3. Hearing 4. Touch 5. Taste 6. Smell

  3. Sensation • Sensation • Perception

  4. Sensation • Bottom-Up Processing • Top-Down Processing

  5. 1. Sensation- Basic Principles A. Thresholds • Psychophysics

  6. 1. Sensation- Basic Principles A. Thresholds • Absolute Threshold

  7. 1. Sensation- Basic Principles A. Thresholds • Signal Detection Theory

  8. 1. Sensation- Basic Principles A. Thresholds • Subliminal Stimulation

  9. 100 Percentage of correct detections 75 50 Subliminal stimuli 25 0 Low Absolute threshold Medium Intensity of stimulus Subliminal Stimulation

  10. 1. Sensation- Basic Principles A. Thresholds • Difference Threshold (just noticeable difference JND) • Weber’s Law:

  11. 1. Sensation- Basic Principles B. Sensory Adaptation • Sensory Adaptation: • Selective Attention

  12. Sensory Adaptation

  13. Selective Attention What do you see?

  14. 2. Vision • Transduction

  15. 2. Vision A. The Stimulus Input: Light Energy • Wavelength • Hue • Intensity

  16. The spectrum of electromagnetic energy

  17. Great amplitude (bright colors, loud sounds) Short wavelength=high frequency (bluish colors, high-pitched sounds) Long wavelength=low frequency (reddish colors, low-pitched sounds) Small amplitude (dull colors, soft sounds) Physical Properties of Waves

  18. 2. Vision B. The Eye • Pupil- • Iris-

  19. 2. Vision: The Eye • Lens- • Accommodation: • Retina-

  20. The Eye

  21. 2. Vision: The Eye • Acuity- • Nearsightedness- • Farsightedness-

  22. 2. Vision: The Eye • Farsighted Nearsighted Normal Vision Vision Vision

  23. 2. Vision: The Eye Retina’s Reaction to Light- Receptors • Rods • Cones

  24. 2. Vision: The Eye Retina’s Reaction to Light- Receptors • Optic nerve- • Blind Spot- • Fovea-

  25. Receptors in the Human Eye Cones Rods Number 6 million 120 million Location in retina Center Periphery Sensitivity in dim light Low High Color sensitive? Yes No 2. Vision: The Eye

  26. 2. Vision C. Visual Information Processing

  27. Cell’s responses Stimulus 2. Vision: C.Visual information Processing • Feature Detection

  28. 2. Vision: C.Visual information Processing • Feature Detection

  29. 2. Vision: C. Visual information Processing • Feature Detection

  30. 2. Vision: C. Visual information Processing • Parallel Processing

  31. 2. Vision D. Color Vision • Our brains “see color” • Is a tomato red if no one sees it? • Trichromatic (3 color) Theory

  32. 2. Vision:D. Color Vision

  33. 2. Vision:D. Color Vision

  34. 2. Vision:D. Color Vision Opponent-Process Theory- “ON” “OFF” redgreen greenred blueyellow yellowblue black white white black

  35. 2. Vision:D. Color Vision • Color Constancy

  36. 3. Hearing A. Sound Waves • Audition: • Frequency: • Pitch:

  37. Decibels:

  38. 3. Hearing B. The Ear I. Anatomy • Middle Ear • Inner Ear • Cochlea

  39. The Brain interprets loudness from the number of activated hair cells

  40. 3. Hearing: B. The Ear II. Perceive Pitch 2 Theories on how Humans perceive pitch • Place Theory– • Frequency Theory–

  41. 3. Hearing: B. The Ear III. Locate Sounds

  42. 3. Hearing C. Hearing Loss & Deaf Culture • Conduction Hearing Loss • Sensorineural Hearing Loss (nerve deafness)

  43. Amplitude required for perception relative to 20-29 year-old group 1 time 10 times 100 times 1000 times 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 Frequency of tone in waves per second Low Pitch High Older people tend to hear low frequencies well but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies

  44. 4. Touch • Skin Sensations

  45. 4. Touch • Pain • Senses & brain telling body that something is wrong • Gate Control Theory -

  46. 5. Taste • You have 200+ taste buds that contain a pore that catches food chemicals • Taste Sensations • Sweet / Sour / Salty / Bitter • Sensory Interaction - the principle that one sense may influence another • as when the smell of food influences its taste

  47. 6. Smell • You have 20,000 breaths that stream in scent laden molecules that cause us to smell. • 5 million receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity

  48. Olfactory nerve Olfactory bulb Receptor cells in olfactory membrane Nasal passage 6. Smell

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