FIRST ACTION OF THE WAR:

1. FIRST ACTION OF THE WAR: • Schlieffen Plan: Invade France thru Belgium • 1) France heavily armed German border (barbed wire, forts, artillery) • 2) Plan: Invade Belgium, then invade France from the north • 3) Britain had sworn to protect Belgium’s neutrality (neutral=not taking a side)

3. How Technology Changed Warfare in WWI.

4. European-Style Warfare • By the outbreak of WWI, military tactics still the same as in Napoleon’s day • 3 Basic Phases to War: • Infantry Charge (Foot soldiers, rifles, bayonets) • Cavalry Charge (Soldiers on horseback) • Artillery Barrage (Long-range heavy guns)

5. Infantry Charge French Bayonet Charge, WWI

6. Cavalry Charge

7. Artillery

8. TRENCH WARFARE: • Deadly new technology caused armies to have to “dig in”couldn’t be in the open • “No-Man’s Land”: area between 2 opposing trenches • War moved very slowly • Troops spent most of their time in trenches

9. “No Man’s Land”: hazardous area between two opposing trenches

12. TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY THAT DEBUTED IN WORLD WAR I

13. Poison gas changed warfare. This is a picture of gas shells exploding over no man’s land.

14. Both human and non-human soldiers needed gas masks on the front. The front is the place where two opposing armies meet.

16. Machine Guns were responsible for most of the deaths during WWI. This Maxim gun was designed by an American, but first used by the Germans.

17. A German machine gun team.

18. British machine gunners in gasmasks at Somme, 1916

19. Tanks were invented as a way to cross “No-Man’s Land.” WWI tanks could cover the rough terrain at 3 mph tops.

20. A British tank crossing a trench.

21. Another British tank known as the “Little Willie”, raking for land mines

22. An example of WWI Allied aircraft.

23. This is a photo of the real “Red Baron.” Baron Manfred von Richtoffen earned 80 victories in dogfights in the skies over Europe.

24. Submarines or u-boats (“undersea boats”) were the newest wartime innovations used at sea. Germany used U-boats to attack ships carrying food and supplies to Britain.

26. 1) Western Front • trench warfare: opposing armies dug trenches to hide in while they shot at each other • France/Germany

27. A French village before WWI…..

28. The same French village after WWI.

30. 2) Eastern Front • War of movement: armies and supplies had to move from place to place, unlike trench warfare. • Germany/A-H vs. Russia

32. 3) Italian Front • Italy felt Germany started the war (Schlieffen Plan) • Dropped out of the Triple Alliance 1914 • Joined the Allied Powers in 1915 • Italy vs. A-H and Germany

33. U.S. entered the war • 1915: Lusitania sunk off coast of Ireland— -Lusitania: British cruise liner…N.Y. to Liverpool…Hit with torpedo from German U-boat…128 Americans died. -Lusitania was secretly carrying weapons from USA to Britain

36. REASONS WHY AMERICA NEUTRAL: • 1914 only 81,000 in army, 21 airplanes, two days worth of ammunition • President Wilson reelected 1916 on slogan “WILSON:he kept us out of war!” • 1916 Congress passed the National Defense Actincreased the army to over 280,000 men • Still NEUTRAL?

37. Germans sinking American supply ships….so America arms merchant ships (“Armed Neutrality”) • 1917 Zimmerman Telegram revealed: British intercepted telegram from Germany…Invitation for Mexico to join Central Powers if U.S. joined Allies • Promised Mexico: Texas, New Mexico, Arizona Direct threat to U.S.A. • Three more American ships sunk…. • April, 1917 Congress declares war on Germany • Americans sent over 1 million men to Britain

39. Russia Drops Out: • Russian Revolution1917: czar steps down…1918 Russia signs humiliating peace treaty with Germany (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) 2) Civil war until 1923…Bolsheviks (communists) vs. Mensheviks (moderates) 3) Bolsheviks win…Russia becomes Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)

40. The End of WWI • The Battle of Amiens was the final loss for Germany. • November 1918: Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated, or “gave up his throne” • An armistice, or agreement to stop fighting, was signed by the new German government • 11th hour, 11th day, 11th month in 1918 the Great War came to an end • After the Great War, just as after the Napoleonic Wars, someone has to… • Restore order in Europe.

41. World War I was a TOTAL WAR: • Countries put all their resources and people into the war effort

42. War changed the Role of Civilians • Common citizens were drafted, or called to fight during the war • Women were called upon to replace men in the work force (farming, factories)

43. War changed the Role of Government • Governments began to control industry. • Governments rationedfood. Rationing=controlling how much of a good each person may use • Governments controlled the news using propaganda(one-sided information, makes enemy look bad)

44. PROPAGANDA=one-sided information that attempts to control people’s thinking The Role of Propaganda: • Remind people of their duty to their countrynationalism • Convince people that fighting and the war effort were necessary

45. Propaganda Techniques • Aimed at “Raw Emotions”: Fear, Anger, Sorrow • Appeal to Nationalism: “Do you REALLY love your country?” • Stereotypes or racial slurs • Guilt Trips See if you can identify the techniques used in the following posters…