The War Begins

1. The War Begins Chapter 19.1

2. Lincoln Faces a Crisis • Confederate forces took over Federal arsenals and forts in the South. • Fort Sumter guarded the entrance to South Carolina’s Charleston Harbor. • President Abraham Lincoln decided to resupply federal troops holding the fort.

3. Present day Fort Sumter

4. Lincoln Faces a Crisis • The Fighting Begins • Confederate forces fired on the federal troops at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. • Federal troops at the fort surrendered after 34 hours of bombardment. • Lincoln declared the South to be in rebellion and requested state governors to supply 75,000 militiamen to help put down the revolt.

5. Choosing Sides • All free northern states remained loyal to the Union. • Joining the Confederacy • The southern states that had not seceded had to choose sides. • The states of the Upper South- North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia- all joined the Confederacy soon after Lincoln’s call for troops.

6. Choosing Sides • Arkansas also joined the Confederacy. • Upper South provided the Confederacy with soldiers and industrial resources. • Richmond, Virginia, became the Confederacy’s capital.

7. Choosing Sides • The Border States • Four slave states that bordered the North- Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri- remained in the Union. • Kentucky and Missouri controlled key stretches of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers; Maryland enclosed much of the federal capital of Washington D.C.

8. The Border States • People in Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri were deeply divided over secession despite choosing to stay in the Union. • People in western Virginia remained loyal to the Union and created their own government; the new state of West Virginia joined the Union in 1863.

9. The Volunteer Spirit • In both the Confederacy and Union, thousands of volunteers joined the army. • In the border states, family members often joined opposing sides in the war.

10. The Volunteer Spirit • Civilians • Raised money, helped soldiers and their families, and ran emergency hospitals • Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to earn a medical license, was instrumental in the creation of the US Sanitary Comission in 1861. • The Commission sent supplies, and food to Union camps and hospitals.

11. The North versus the South • Northern Advantages • Had a much larger population, which provided more soldiers • Had most of the nation’s factories and shipyards and a better railway network • Able to raise more money to pay for the costs of war

12. The North versus the South • Southern Advantages • Had many skilled officers and a strong military tradition • Needed only to defend its territory; the North had to conquer enemy territory

13. The North versus the South • Union Military Strategy • Union general Winfield Scott developed the Union’s two-part strategy: destroy the South’s economy with a naval blockade of southern seaports and divide the Confederacy by gaining control of the Mississippi River. • Other northern leaders also wanted to attack Richmond, the Confederate capital.

14. Anaconda Plan

15. The North versus the South • Southern Strategy • Defend the Confederacy’s territory and wear down the Union’s will to fight • Capture Washington, D.C., the federal capital • Win foreign allies through cotton diplomacy- based on Great Britain and others offering support because their textile industries relied on American cotton • Failed when Britain turned to other sources of cotton, such as Egypt and India