The War Begins

1. The War Begins

2. The War Begins Main Ideas • Following the outbreak of war at Fort Sumter, Americans chose sides. • The Union and the Confederacy prepared for war. Big Idea - Civil war broke out between the North and South in 1861.

3. Key Terms & People • Fort Sumter - the Confederacy fires first shots of the Civil War here in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina • border states - Slave States that chose not to secede • Winfield Scott - first general of the Union Army • cotton diplomacy - the South hoped Britain would help them during the war because they needed southern cotton

4. Lincoln states what’s up How did President Lincoln respond to southern states seceding from the Union? He tried to convince the South to rejoin the Union (no hard feelings). Slavery would not be forbidden where it already existed. But he was worried; if the Union was destroyed, monarchs around the world could say democracy was impossible.

5. 4:00 am - Fire! Why did South Carolina troops attack Fort Sumter? How did Northerners respond? They seized Ft. Sumter because it controlled the entrance to Charleston harbor; the fortress was easily taken. Because of Northern volunteers, the U.S. Army swelled from just 16,000 to about 500,000.

6. Pushing my love over the BORDERLINE Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland & Delaware remained in the Union. West Virginia joined the Union because most of her citizens did not want to secede. These were considered border states. Which slave states did not secede? Why did they remain? People here were deeply divided on the slavery issue; some fought for the North, some for the South.

7. What are the odds? The South hoped that Britain would intervene and support them in the war because the U.K. needed Southern cotton. Britain refused (plenty of cotton from India & Egypt). What was cotton diplomacy? What advantages did the North enjoy? Population: 3 to 1 (including slaves) Railroads: 3 to 1 Industry: 6 to 1 Exports: 7 to 1

8. Prepping for War! How did each side prepare for war? What did they expect? Militias had already formed and became the regular army. Many ordinary Southerners (non-slave owners) viewed the Yankees as invaders, so they volunteered to fight. Citizens raised money, worked in hospitals & donated items for the cause. Most people expected a 90 day war. Oooooooooops…

9. Section 1 Questions • What were the border states? Where were they? • How did the Union and Confederate strategies differ? • Why did men volunteer to fight in the war?

10. The War in the East

11. The War in the East Main Ideas • Union and Confederate forces fought for control of the war in Virginia. • The Battle of Antietam gave the North a slight advantage. • The Confederacy attempted to break the Union naval blockade. Big Idea - Confederate and Union forces faced off in Virginia and at sea.

12. Key Terms & People • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson - fearless Confederate general, became famous at Bull Run • First Battle of Bull Run - first major battle of the Civil War, Confederate victory • George B. McClellan - Union general, great at preparation, but unwilling to fight • Robert E. Lee - became most powerful Confederate general, loved by his soldiers, brilliant strategist but took risks

13. Key Terms & People • Seven Days’ Battles - Confederate victory, forced Union away from Richmond (Southern capital) • Second Battle of Bull Run - three-day Confederate victory, convinced Lee to invade the North • Battle of Antietam - bloodiest single-day battle in American history, resulted in a draw • ironclads - warships with iron armor • innovation - a new idea or way of doing something

14. “Look at Jackson, standing like a stone wall!” Bull Run. Southerners called it Manassas. Why? One was a river, the other a town. What was the first major battle? How did Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson change the outcome? The Confederates were being routed, but Jackson bravely remained like “a stone wall” and inspired other southern regiments to fight on. Confederates counterattacked and defeated Union troops.

15. Preparation; his men loved him because he gave them confidence. Though he possessed vastly superior numbers and supplies, he was reluctant to attack. He seemed convinced that the South was more powerful than it was. This hesitation led to many early Southern victories. What was George B. McClellan’s strength? Why did Lincoln become frustrated with him?

16. Just a good ol’ boy... He was a gambling man! He took great risks that often defied military logic. Why was Robert E. Lee successful early? What happened at Antietam? After early southern victories, the Confederates invaded Maryland; they met Union soldiers at Antietam Creek. More Americans died in one day than in all previous American wars combined. If they hadn’t left that cigar box…

17. Snakey Situation “Anaconda”: starve the South by blockade Capture cities along the Mississippi River to destroy trade (Memphis & Vicksburg). What was the Union strategy to win the war? Small southern ships were used as “blockade runners” but the CSA economy was devastated.

18. The Monitor vs. The Virginia Because the South had a tiny navy, she began armoring wooden ships with iron. How did the ironclads play a role (though minor) in the war? The South won some early victories, but was unable to break the Union blockade. Naval warfare was forever changed. Ms. Kelley, how does iron float?

19. Section 2 Questions • Why do you think that the Union lost the First Battle of Bull Run? • What mistake did the South make before the Battle of Antietam? • What was the Union’s strategy in the war at sea? • Why were ironclads more successful than wooden ships?

20. The War in the West

21. The War in the West Main Ideas • Union strategy in the West centered on control of the Mississippi River. • Confederate and Union troops struggled for dominance in the Far West. Big Idea - Fighting in the Civil War spread to the western United States.

22. Key Terms & People • Ulysses S. Grant - bold Union general, preferred attack over defense • Battle of Shiloh - two-day battle in Tennessee, Union victory that gave more control over the Mississippi River Valley • David Farragut - Union admiral, helped capture New Orleans • Siege of Vicksburg - the Union Army surrounded and shelled the important city on the Mississippi until it surrendered

23. “Unconditional Surrender” How was Ulysses S. Grant just what Lincoln was looking for? He was a fighter! He preferred attack over defense. He earned the nickname “Unconditional Surrender” because he was such a savage.

24. Shiloh: Hebrew for “Place of Peace” What happened at the Battle of Shiloh? What were the most important consequences? Grant’s army was surprised by the rebels in Tennessee; a 2 day back & forth battle ensued. Confederate general A.S. Johnston was killed; this was a serious blow to Southern leadership. The Union gained more control of the Mississippi Valley in the victory.

25. The Anaconda Constricts What was the strategy of Admiral Farragut on the Mississippi River? New Orleans was heavily defended by two forts, so Farragut chose to sneak past. Under cover of darkness 18 ships made it past the forts to seize New Orleans.

26. Mississippi Queen: she taught me everything Why was the Siege of Vicksburg so difficult for General Grant’s army and civilians? Vicksburg was situated on high cliffs, making it almost impossible to attack by water. Union cut off Vicksburg from the Confederacy. Civilians were forced to live underground and eat rats to survive. Vicksburg surrendered on July 4th. Vicksburg didn’t celebrate Independence Day for 82 years.

27. West Side OGs How was the war going in the West? The Confederate army tried to take control of many western territories. They were defeated by Union troops in Colorado, Arizona, Missouri & some Indian Territories.

28. Section 3 Questions • How did Grant contribute to the Union effort in the West? • Why was Lincoln impressed by Grant’s style as a general? • Why was the capture of New Orleans so important to the Union? • How were civilians in Vicksburg affected?

29. Life During the War

30. Daily Life During the War Main Ideas • The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in Confederate States. • African Americans participated in the war in many ways. • President Lincoln faced opposition to the war. • Life was difficult for soldiers and civilians alike. Big Idea - The lives of many Americans were affected by the Civil War.

31. Key Terms & People • emancipation - to set free • Emancipation Proclamation - freed slaves in Confederate states • contrabands - escaped slaves that worked for Union Army • 54th Massachusetts Infantry - all-black Union regiment • Copperheads - anti-war Northerners that opposed abolition • habeas corpus - protection against unlawful imprisonment • Clara Barton - “angel of the battlefield”, volunteer nurse for the Union that founded the Red Cross

32. Don’t Discriminate...Emancipate! What were the arguments for and against emancipation? What did the Emancipation Proclamation actually do? Northern Democrats were afraid freed slaves would take away low paying jobs from whites. Abolitionists said that the war was pointless if blacks remained enslaved. It freed slaves in states that were rebelling against the U.S. Border states could keep their slaves for the time being. Why did Lincoln not free all slaves?

33. Glory How did black Americans contribute to the war effort? Many joined the Union Army as laborers; they were called contrabands. The 54th Massachusetts Infantry was the first all-black regiment of soldiers in the U.S. Army. They fought bravely but were paid less than white soldiers. Captured black soldiers were usually immediately killed, or sent South into slavery.

34. Chester Copperpot What were the views of the Copperheads? How did Lincoln silence them? They believed that the war was not necessary and called for an end to hostilities. He put ‘em in jail. Many northerners were angry that Lincoln suspended Habeas corpus(imprisonment without charging someone with a crime).

35. War Sucks What was daily life like for soldiers? 99% of the time was pure boredom waiting for action; combat was pure terror. The biggest killer was not on the battlefield, but from diseases like typhoid, pneumonia & tuberculosis. Infection caused by wounds also killed hundred of thousands. Prisoners of war were often crammed into camps without enough food, water or proper shelter; thousands died.

36. Civilian Life What was daily life like for civilians? Women were the backbone of civilian life; they took over work on farms and nursed wounded soldiers. Clara Barton was known as the “angel of the battlefield”; she later founded the American Red Cross.

37. Section 4 Questions • How did reactions to the Emancipation Proclamation differ? • What are some possible consequences to the Emancipation Proclamation including border states? • Do you think Lincoln was right to suspend habeas corpus? Why?

38. The Tide of the War Turns

39. The Tide of the War Turns Main Ideas • The Union tried to divide the Confederate Army at Fredericksburg, but the attempt failed. • The Battle of Gettysburg was the major turning point in the war. • During 1864, Union campaigns in the East and South dealt crippling blows to the Confederacy. • Union troops forced the South to surrender in 1865, ending the Civil War. Big Idea - Union victories in 1863-1865 ended the Civil War.

40. Key Terms & People • Battle of Gettysburg - bloodiest battle in U.S. history, Union victory, turned the tide of war, South never invaded again • George Pickett - flamboyant Southern general • Pickett’s Charge - final attack of Gettysburg, Union lines held firm • Gettysburg Address - Lincoln’s poetic tribute to the fallen

41. Key Terms & People • Wilderness Campaign - Union attempt to capture Richmond • William Tecumseh Sherman - no nonsense Union general • total war - destroying civilian and economic resources • Appomattox Courthouse - Lee met Grant here to surrender the entire Confederate Army and end the war

42. You’re fired, you’re hired, you’re fired... What were the results of the Battles of Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville? The Union was beaten badly at Fredericksburg because of poor tactics. The Rebels won at Chancellorsville also, but Stonewall Jackson was killed in the process by friendly fire. Lincoln still looked for a good general in the East.

43. Ready to explode What happened leading up to the Battle of Gettysburg? Lee began to believe that his army was invincible. He decided to invade the Union again & destroy their will to fight. In the summer of 1863, he took his army through Maryland and into southern Pennsylvania. The two armies met near the sleepy town of Gettysburg.

44. Three Days of Hell What were the events of Gettysburg: Day 1? Confederate cavalry was not doing it’s job, so Gen. Lee didn’t know where the Yankees were. Union had the high ground from the beginning. Confederate General James Longstreet knew that the Rebels could not defeat the Yankees. He begged Lee not to attack them.

45. The Round Tops What were the events of Gettysburg: Day 2? There was vicious fighting on Little Round Top (where yours truly is standing). The Union was saved by men from Maine commanded by Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain who fought off advances up the hill from Alabama soldiers. The battle (and the war) could have gone very differently if the Union line had broken.

46. The Last Full Measure Why did the Union win the battle on Day 3? Lee thought that he could defeat the Union with a frontal attack. FAIL. He ordered Pickett’s Charge: 15,000 Rebel soldiers marched a mile toward Union cannon & infantry. Half of these men were lost (killed or wounded). After the victory, Union forces did not follow the Rebels.

47. Lincoln-Sarrels Nails It What ideals did Lincoln describe in the Gettysburg Address? He praised the bravery of the soldiers. He also referred to the Declaration of Independence and reminded what the war was about: liberty, equality & democracy. The short speech is considered the greatest in American history.

48. Sherman’s March to the Sea What was the purpose of total war? Why did William Tecumseh Sherman become such a villain in the South? Bring the South to it’s knees. Sherman wanted to make civilians suffer so much that they could no longer support the war effort. After burning Atlanta to the ground, Sherman took his army on his “March to the Sea.” They destroyed or stole everything in their path all the way to Savannah, GA.

49. Death to Dixie How did the war end? Lee’s army was starving, outnumbered, & surrounded by Union forces commanded by U.S. Grant. He realized he had no choice but to surrender. The ceremony was carried out at Appomattox Courthouse. Grant offered gracious terms and provided the Southern troops with food & supplies.

50. Section 5 Questions • Why was geography so important to the Battle of Gettysburg? • Why was Gettysburg the turning point of the war? • Do you think that total war is ever justified? Why? • What problems would the South face after the war?