Apartheid in South Africa: Struggle, Independence, and Freedom

1. Apartheid South Africa’s Challenge

2. 1800’s = Race for Africa 1865 Dr. Livingstone set out to Africa The Berlin Conference, 1885 By 1914 most of Africa was controlled by colonial powers

3. Independence • 1910 South Africa won independence from Britain • Freedom was limited to White settlers

4. 1920’s Pan-Africanism • Lead by WEB Dubois • Established the first Pan-African Congress that met in Paris in 1919.

5. After WWII • After the war African Blacks began moving into cities and towns of Africa. • Black Nationalism stirred demands for rights.

6. Afrikaner Response • 1948 the Afrikaner National Party won a majority in a “whites-only” parliament • They began to expand a system of racial separation • Apartheid = Separation

7. Apartheid Government • All South Africans were registered by race: Black, White, Colored (mixed race), and Asians • Afrikaners argued: “separation would allow each race to develop it’s own culture independently.”

8. In actuality… • Blacks had to carry “passbooks” • Black women had to have permission to enter another “district” of town • All Blacks were assigned “homelands”

9. Mixed marriages were banned • Separate segregated beaches, restaurants, and schools • Blacks were paid less than Whites for the same jobs • Black schools received less funding

10. Resistance • In 1912 the ANC was set up to protest apartheid • By the 1950’s there were continually harsher regulations placed on natives by the Afrikaners • During the 1960’s government violence against protesters increased • 1964 the ANC was outlawed

11. World Response • 1980’s the world community began laying sanctions against South Africa in opposition to apartheid • 1984 Bishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize for his opposition to apartheid • 1990 Mandela was freed from prison

12. Free at last! • In 1994 Mandela was elected president of South Africa • Mandela stepped down from office in 1999