Causes of The Civil War

1. Causes ofThe Civil War By Jennifer Lynn Meador Assisted by Mr. Campbell’s A.P. History class Causes of The Civil War

2. 1619 Arrival of Africans • Slavery outlawed in Europe • Nowhere to unload cargo • Africans were dropped in Causes of The Civil War

3. …1619 Arrival of Africans • Greater need for labor • Indentured status • Better adaptation • Resistant to disease • Valuable workers Causes of The Civil War

4. 1776 Declaration of Independence • Jefferson wrote Declaration for all to be equal • “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.” Causes of The Civil War

5. …1776 Declaration of Independence • Southern states would not agree • Franklin and Adams compromised with Jefferson to drop issue • Slavery was not stopped • Slavery spread Causes of The Civil War

6. Compromise of 1820 • United States Free/Slave Soil Map - 1820 The Missouri Compromise Causes of The Civil War

7. …Compromise of 1820 • Congress admitted Missouri as slave state • U.S. compensated Texas for their loses • California made a new state • Order attempted in Washington D.C. by removing slavery • Fugitive slave law: Slaves fleeing to North must be returned to owners in South Causes of The Civil War

8. Sectionalism • North: • Industrial, Anti-slavery • South: • Agricultural, Pro-slavery • West: • Split, half anti and half pro-slavery • Each section was distinct in their position on slavery Causes of The Civil War

9. Election of 1828 • “Revolution of 1828” • Jackson had 647,286 votes and Adams had 508, 064 votes • Adam accepted to House of Representatives from Massachusetts Causes of The Civil War

10. John C. Calhoun • Thought states were more powerful than Federal government • Thought Federal government was limited • Vice President for two years (resigned because of differences with Andrew Jackson) Causes of The Civil War

11. …John C. Calhoun • Wrote essay in 1828 insisting states should have right to prevent unconstitutional law from becoming enforced in their territory • Ideas served as springboard for secessionist philosophy • Wrote doctrine of Nullification • "The Great Nullifier" Causes of The Civil War

12. Nullification • Nullification gave southern states taste of what life was like without north telling the south what to do • John C. Calhoun's doctrine • Asserts the right of states to 'nullify' (ignore) federal laws with which they disagree Causes of The Civil War

13. Tariff of Abomination • John C. Calhoun’s Expedition influenced doctrine of secessionists • Heightened southern fears that federal government may one day eliminate slavery in south • Force Bill would serve as ancestor to bloody fighting of Civil War Causes of The Civil War

14. 1787 U.S. Constitution • Constitution did not abolish slavery • 3/5 compromise drove a wedge between north and south Causes of The Civil War

15. Manifest Destiny • Dream to build a Nation that went from coast to coast • From Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean • Plan was going to take a while but would be worth it Causes of The Civil War

16. Mexican War • Arose because of territory expansion and trying to keep the balance between slave and non-slave states Causes of The Civil War

17. California Gold Rush • This period helped expand and spread out American population • Poor economic condition of country at the time helped encourage western movement and lure gold miners Causes of The Civil War

18. Popular Sovereignty • Democrats unhappy because they thought popular sovereignty was a victory for slavery because it would allow southerners to bring their slaves into new land Causes of The Civil War

19. …Popular Sovereignty • Settlers in new territories make own decision about slavery • Northerners opposed it because if they got too many slaves, it would upset the balance in slave states and free states Causes of The Civil War

20. Compromise of 1850 • 4 plans: • Thomas Benton Plan: (Jan. 16) Divest Texas of its north and south territories and later split Texas into two states • John Bell Plan: (Feb. 28) Similar to Benton, but would split Texas into three states Causes of The Civil War

21. …Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay Plan: (April 17) Committee of thirteen reduced size of Texas by about same amount, but no provision for further division • James Pearce Plan: (Aug. 5) Similar to Clay’s, but set boundaries known today Causes of The Civil War

22. …Compromise of 1850 • POINTS: • Should territory allow slavery, be declared free, or inhabitants choose for themselves? • Should California be allowed to enter Union as a free state? • Dispute Texas land (Texas claimed it extended to Santa Fe) Causes of The Civil War

23. …Compromise of 1850 • According to Compromise: • Texas would relinquish land in dispute, but be given money to pay off its debt to Mexico • Territories of New Mexico would be organized without mention of slavery • Inhabitants of territories applied for statehood Causes of The Civil War

24. …Compromise of 1850 • Slave trade abolished in Washington D.C., but slavery still permitted • California would be a free state • Due to objections to California as a free state by slave trade advocates, Fugitive Slave Act was passed (most controversial bill) Causes of The Civil War

25. Fugitive Slave Law • 10 sections of Fugitive Slave Law • Section 1: Act to establish Judicial system and exercise all judicial powers and duties • Section 2: Superior Court shall exercise all powers Causes of The Civil War

26. …Fugitive Slave Law • Section 3: Circuit Courts shall increase number of commissioners to afford facilities to reclaim fugitives and the discharge of duties • Section 4: Commissioners shall have concurrent jurisdiction with judges of all Circuit and District Courts Causes of The Civil War

27. …Fugitive Slave Law • Section 5: Duty of all marshals and deputies to obey and execute all warrants issued under this act • Section 6: Person held to labor in any U.S. State or Territory who escapes to another State or Territory is considered a fugitive and may be seized and reclaimed Causes of The Civil War

28. …Fugitive Slave Law • Section 7: Anyone who knowingly and willingly obstructs or hinders a claimant or prevents apprehension of a fugitive will be indicted and convicted • Section 8: Marshals, deputies, and clerks of District and Territorial Courts shall be paid for their services Causes of The Civil War

29. …Fugitive Slave Law • Section 9: Arresting officer of a fugitive shall employ how many persons he deems necessary to retain them, and those assisting shall be equally compensated • Section 10: When any person held to labor escapes from their State or Territory, the party to whom the fugitive’s owes labor and service, their agent or attorney may apply to any court Causes of The Civil War

30. Webster- Haynes Debate • Robert Haynes and Daniel Webster debated public lands owned by Federal government • Webster urged northerners to satisfy south by passing a more strict fugitive slave law • Webster warned southern firebrands about danger of secession • Wanted national unity • Senate rejected his request Causes of The Civil War

31. …Webster-Haynes Debate • Haynes argues that nullification was only way to protect the South • Webster’s reply to Haynes increased patriotism in the North • Webster’s defense of the Union inspired many Union soldiers Causes of The Civil War

32. Wilmot Proviso • Called for prohibiting slavery “in any territory [taken] from the Republic of Mexico” • Southerners wanted to take their slaves into all such territory • Southern extremists wanted law guaranteeing right of owners to bring slaves into new territories Causes of The Civil War

33. …Wilmot Proviso • Slavery becoming a moral question of right and wrong for both groups • Large number of northerners determined to keep slavery out of new territory Causes of The Civil War

34. Cotton Gin • Inventor was Eli Whitney by Eli Whitney in 1793 • Gin separated seeds from fiber of short-staple cotton • Due to efficiency, cotton became most important southern crop and basis of region’s profitable agricultural economy Causes of The Civil War

35. Seventh of March Speech • Webster begins speech by offering support for Fugitive Slave Law • Controversial position • Cost Webster hope of achieving Presidency • Speech was a passionate call for Union when secession was offered by the South for alternative to Union problems Causes of The Civil War

36. Kansas Nebraska Act • 1854 • Tried to make Kansas slave state • Created hostility in Congress and the nation • Went against Compromise of 1850 Causes of The Civil War

37. Bleeding Kansas • Group of Missourians marched into anti-slavery town and burned 2 newspaper printing presses • John Brown led 7 men to a settlement and attacked 3 families Causes of The Civil War

38. …Bleeding Kansas • He brutally murdered 5 people • Free soilers and proslavery men squared off to fight • Close to starting a Civil War Causes of The Civil War

39. John Brown • An abolitionist attempting to steal guns from Harper’s Ferry • He was stealing guns for slave rebellion • Was caught and hanged Causes of The Civil War

40. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Book fueled antislavery beliefs in the North • When Stowe met Lincoln, he said, “So you’s the little woman that started this great war.” Causes of The Civil War

41. Underground Railroad • Road assisting slaves to freedom in North • “Virtual freedom train” consisted of informal anti-slavery homes (stations) where its passengers (runaway slaves) were spirited by white & black abolitionists (conductors) from slave states to free sanctuary in Canada Causes of The Civil War

42. …Underground Railroad • Harriet Tubman was main conductor of underground railroad • More slaves gained freedom by self-purchase or voluntary emancipation than from the railroad Causes of The Civil War

43. Abolitionists • John Brown, Frederick Douglas, William Lloyd Garrison, Horace Greeley • People who did not believe in slavery and worked for its extinction Causes of The Civil War

44. …Abolitionists • Assisted escaped slaves • Primarily consisted of ex-slaves, Quakers, liberal thinkers • Helped establish Underground Railroad Causes of The Civil War

45. Dred Scott • One of most important cases tried in U.S., heard in St. Louis’ Old Courthouse • Two Dred Scott trials: 1847, 1850, which lended to Supreme Court decision in 1857 and hastened start of Civil War Causes of The Civil War

46. Lincoln-Douglas Debate • Debates brought up issue of slavery • Even if people voted slavery down, Supreme Court decreed they could not • Douglas argued people’s decision would prevail no matter the the court’s response Causes of The Civil War

47. Steven A. Douglas • Lawyer, Political Leader, Orator • Aided in making Chicago major hub of railroads • Supported Missouri Compromise Causes of The Civil War

48. …Steven A. Douglas • Sponsored Kansas-Nebraska Act • Involved in many debates with Lincoln • Toured border states to hype enthusiasm for Union cause of Civil War Causes of The Civil War

49. Election of 1860 • Abraham Lincoln defeated John. C. Breckinridge, John Bell, & Steven A. Douglas • Election of a president opposed to slavery made South feel it had to secede • Lincoln refused to compromise on issue of slavery Causes of The Civil War

50. Convention of Secession • They met to decide whether or not to secede from Union • Without this, there would have been no confederate States Causes of The Civil War