Beef Nutrition

1. Beef Nutrition Celina Johnson, CSU

2. By-products What do animals eat? Celina Johnson, CSU

3. What do feeds provide? • What is a nutrient? • Chemical substance that provides nourishment for the body • What types of nutrients are there? Celina Johnson, CSU

4. = Energy What types of nutrients are there? Vitamins Protein Minerals Carbohydrates WATER Fats Celina Johnson, CSU

5. Types of Nutrients… • Water – the MOST IMPORTANT • Animal’s body is 70% water • Important for nutrient transport, waste removal, and digestion • Supply CLEAN, FRESH SUPPLY daily!!! Celina Johnson, CSU

6. Types of Nutrients… • Carbohydrates • Provide ENERGY!! • Energy needed to grow and perform • Examples include grain, hays • Makes up over 80% of beef ration Celina Johnson, CSU

7. Types of Nutrients… • Protein • Needed for growth and development • Growing/finishing cattle will require between 12-15% Celina Johnson, CSU

8. Are animals different… • In how they use nutrients? • YES! • In what we feed them? • YES! • Why? Celina Johnson, CSU

9. Simple Stomach System Complex Stomach System Farm Animals Non-ruminant (Monogastric) Ruminant Celina Johnson, CSU

10. Examples of Ruminants Celina Johnson, CSU

11. Let’s take a look at a ruminant! Celina Johnson, CSU

12. ABOMASUM RUMEN MOUTH CECUM ESOPHAGUS LARGE INTESTINE RETICULUM OMASUM SMALL INTESTINE Digestive tract anatomy Celina Johnson, CSU

13. So what does each part do? • Mouth: • Reduces food size (chewing) • Esophagus: • Transport to stomach (swallowing) • Regurgitation (cud-chewing) Celina Johnson, CSU

14. So what does each part do? • Stomach: 4 compartments: • Reticulum (honeycomb) • Rumen (fermentation) • Omasum (many plies) • Abomasum (true stomach) Celina Johnson, CSU

15. Partners! So what does each part do? • Reticulum (honeycomb) • Traps foreign material (nails, wire, etc.) • Rumen (fermentation) • Largest of the 4 compartments • Contains microbes (bacteria, protozoa) • Microbes digest feeds • Animal digests microbes Celina Johnson, CSU

16. RUMEN Celina Johnson, CSU

17. HAY To the Omasum and Beyond! RUMEN Celina Johnson, CSU

18. So what does each part do? • Omasum (many plies) • “Regulator” • Regulates flow from rumen to abomasum • Abomasum (true stomach) • Similar to yours! • Begin digestion of microbes Celina Johnson, CSU

19. So how does ANATOMY affect what we feed? Celina Johnson, CSU

20. Ruminants… • Meant to eat grass! • Remember: partners with microbes! • Microbes digest “tough stuff” and animal digests microbes! • What do steers eat? • Forage source • hay, silage, pasture • Grain as well Celina Johnson, CSU

21. Nutrient Requirements • Your animal requires minimum amounts of the various nutrients • This amount varies based upon • Age, weight, breed, exercise/stress level, balance of the other nutrients, etc • Important to know how your animal’s requirements change over the feeding period Celina Johnson, CSU

22. Growth Curve 4 3 2 market puberty 1. Prenatal 2. Rapid Growth 1 Wt. 3. Fat deposit begins 4. Fat Time Celina Johnson, CSU

23. Intake Requirements Growing Cattle Intake Requirements(For large framed steers that will finish at 1250 lbs, gaining 3 lbs per day) Units are POUNDS OF DRY MATTER PER DAY Celina Johnson, CSU

24. Energy Requirements Growing Cattle Energy Requirements(For large framed steers that will finish at 1250 lbs, gaining 3 lbs per day) Units are % OF DIET Celina Johnson, CSU

25. Protein Requirements Growing Cattle Protein Requirements(For large framed steers that will finish at 1250 lbs, gaining 3 lbs per day) Units are % OF DIET Celina Johnson, CSU

26. Mineral Requirements Growing Cattle Ca/P Requirements(For large framed steers that will finish at 1250 lbs, gaining 3 lbs per day) Calcium Phosphorus Units are % OF DIET Celina Johnson, CSU

27. Growing Cattle RequirementsSummary • As BODY WEIGHT INCREASES… • Dry Matter Intake INCREASES • Energy Needs INCREASE • Protein Needs DECREASE • Calcium and Phosphorus Needs DECREASE Celina Johnson, CSU

28. Important Terms • Starter/Grower • Fed from about 400 to 900 lbs (depends upon feed company instructions) • Finisher • Fed from about 900 lbs to finish (depends upon feed company instructions) Celina Johnson, CSU

29. Important Terms • Supplement • Used in addition to locally available forages and grains (“supplements” other feeds) • Complete Feed • Designed to be the only feed fed, includes all nutrients an animal needs (roughage included) Celina Johnson, CSU

30. Important Terms • Dry Matter (DM) • Feeds vary in water content • Fresh pasture can be 70% water • Corn or other grains are about 10% water • By accounting for water content, feeds can be accurately evaluated for the other nutrients! Celina Johnson, CSU

31. Important Terms • TDN (total digestible nutrients) • A good way to estimate energy density of a feed • Growing beef animals require between 65-75% TDN • Ask your feed dealer for this value (not on feed tag) Celina Johnson, CSU

32. Important Terms • CP (crude protein) • Estimates how much protein in a feed, but doesn’t tell how much can actually be used by the animal • Growing beef animals require between 10-13%, show beef animals need 12-15% • Info on feed tag Celina Johnson, CSU

33. Some Feeding Guidelines • FRESH WATER AT ALL TIMES! • Include a good quality forage at all times (minimum of 3-5 lbs per day) to maintain health of digestive system Celina Johnson, CSU

34. Some Feeding Guidelines • Once on full feed, beef animal should have about 2.5 to 3 lbs of grain per 100 lbs of body weight • Ex: 700 lbs steer = ~ 17.5 to 21 lbs of grain • Ex: 1000 lbs steer = ~ 25 to 30 lbs of grain • Follow the label directions!!! • Manufacturers include directionsfor a reason! Celina Johnson, CSU

35. Questions? Celina Johnson, CSU