Figure 12-2 Page 225

Figure 12-2Page 225 Passenger pigeon Dusky seaside sparrow Great auk Dodo Aepyornis (Madagascar)

Figure 12-3aPage 226 Kirtland's warbler White top pitcher plant Grizzly bear (threatened) Arabian oryx (Middle East) African elephant (Africa) Mojave desert tortoise (threatened) Swallowtail butterfly Humpback chub Golden lion tamarin (Brazil) Siberian tiger (Siberia)

Figure 12-3b Page 226 West Virginia spring salamander Whooping crane Knowlton cactus Giant panda (China) Blue whale Pine barrens tree frog (male) Swamp pink Hawksbill sea turtle El Segundo blue butterfly Mountain gorilla (Africa)

Figure 12-3c Page 227 Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Bannerman's turaco (Africa) Gray wolf Florida panther Devil's hole pupfish Black-footed ferret Snow leopard (Central Asia) Utah prairie dog (threatened) Symphonia (Madagascar) California condor Black lace cactus Oahu tree snail Ghost bat (Australia) Black rhinoceros (Africa)

Figure 12-4Page 228 Characteristic Examples Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Specialized niche Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Narrow distribution Many island species, elephant seal, desert pupfish Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Feeds at high trophic level Fixed migratory patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtles Rare Many island species, African violet, some orchids Commercially valuable Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Large territories California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther

34% (51% of freshwater species) Fish 24% Mammals 20% Reptiles 14% Plants 12% Birds Figure 12-5Page 228

Habitat loss Pollution Overfishing Habitat degradation and fragmentation Commercial hunting and poaching Climate change Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants Introducing nonnative species Predator and pest control Secondary Causes • Population growth • Rising resource use • No environmental • accounting • Poverty Basic Causes Figure 12-6Page 231

Figure 12-7aPage 232 Range 100 years ago Range today (about 2,300 left) Indian Tiger

Figure 12-7bPage 232 Range in 1700 Range today (about 2,400 left) Black Rhino

Figure 12-7cPage 232 Probable range 1600 Range today (300,000 left) African Elephant

Figure 12-7dPage 232 Former range Range today (34,000–54,000 left) Asian or Indian Elephant

Figure 12-8Page 233 Cerulean warbler Sprague’s pipit Bichnell’s thrush Blacked-capped vireo Golden-cheeked warbler Florida scrub jay California gnatcatcher Kirtland’s warbler Henslow’s sparrow Bachman’s warbler

Animation Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction. Click to view animation.

Figure 12-9aPage 235 Purple looselife European starling African honeybee (“Killer bee”) Nutria Salt cedar (Tamarisk) Marine toad Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar (Feral pig) Deliberately introduced Species

Figure 12-9b Page 235 Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire ant Brown tree snake Eurasian muffle Common pigeon (Rock dove) Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-horned beetle Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae Accidentally introduced Species

Figure 12-10Page 236

Figure 12-11Page 236 1918 2000

Figure 12-12Page 238 Characteristics of Successful Invader Species Characteristics of Ecosystems Vulnerable to Invader Species • High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species) • Pioneer species • Long lived • High dispersal rate • Release growth- inhibiting chemicals into soil • Generalists • High genetic variability • Similar climate to habitat of invader • Absence of predators on invading species • Early successional systems • Low diversity of native species • Absence of fire • Disturbed by human activities

Figure 12-14Page 242 2 4 3 5 Top Six Hot Spots 6 1 Hawaii 2 San Francisco Bay area 3 Southern Appalachians 4 Death Valley 5 Southern California 6 Florida Panhandle Concentration of rare species 1 Low Moderate High

Figure 12-15Page 246 North American-South American flyways European-African flyways Asian flyways

What Can You Do? Protecting Species • Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other materials made from endangered or threatened animal species. • Do not buy wood and paper products produced by cutting remaining old-growth forests in the tropics. • Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish, and other animals that are taken from the wild. • Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants that are taken from the wild. Figure 12-16Page 249

Animation Humans affect biodiversity interaction. Click to view animation.

Animation Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction. Click to view animation.

Figure 12-2 Page 225

Figure 12-2 Page 225

Presentation Transcript

Figure 2

2- 225

Zuo -Supplementary Figure 1 (page 1 of 2)

Figure S4 – page 1

Figure S3 – page 1

Figure 2

9.2 Section Objectives – page 225

Page 12

Figure 17-2 Page 419

Figure 18.1 Page 292

Figure 2

Figure S6 – page 1

Figure 13.1b Page 223

Figure 33.2a Page 568

Figure 18-2 Page 380

Figure 11.2 Page 178

Figure 12-15

Problem 2-12 (page 26)

Figure 12-37

Figure 12-2 Asian Pacific Islanders

Figure 12-2 Page 225

Figure 12–2 Griffith’s Experiment