Moving Toward Trustworthy Aerospace Vehicle (AV) Systems

1. Moving Toward Trustworthy Aerospace Vehicle (AV) Systems SAE International Aerospace Standards Summit, 2 October 2018 René Rey

2. Adventure Human Spaceflight (HSF) vs. Common Carriage • Adventure HSF is Not Common Carriage • Spaceflight Participant (SFP) safety standards are limited in scope • Containment of hazards within a specific geographic area (i.e., collective risk (Ec) less than 1 X 10-4 for debris, toxics and blast overpressure) • Safety-critical systems are evaluated for public safety, only • SFP level of safety is not comparable to that existing in aviation or in other forms of common carriage • Informed consent • Common Carriage Invokes Specific Duties • Required to act with the utmost care,skill, and diligence to protect the safety of passengers as may be mandated by the: • Type of transportation provided, and • Risk of danger inherent in it

3. Parlaying the Aviation Legacy into AV’s • Passenger-Carrying AV’s Should Draw Upon the Successful Design and Operational Heritage of Military and Commercial Aircraft • Specifically, a System Safety FHA assessment process for analyzing passenger-carrying AV’s should be defined to establish a set of generic safety design and operational standards applicable to any AV • FHA’s performed in the commercial jet aircraft industry, using SAE Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARPs), should form the basis for the assessment process • Aircraft-Level FHA • System-Level FHA • The current military aircraft systems integrity processes should also be used to guide the identification of AV standards that will lead to airworthy AV systems

4. Setting the AV Standards • Aircraft FHA • As defined in SAE ARP-4761: • “The aircraft level FHA is a high level, qualitative assessment of the basic functions of the aircraft as defined at the beginning of aircraft development” • “An aircraft level FHA should identify and classify the failure conditions associated with the aircraft level functions” • System FHA • Also, as defined in SAE ARP-4761: • “The system level FHA is also a qualitative assessment which is iterative in nature and becomes more defined and fixed as the system evolves” • “It considers a failure or combination of system failures that affect an aircraft function”

5. Setting the AV Standards • Aircraft & System FHA Contributes to the Following Aircraft Information: • Aircraft Functions • Aircraft Architectures (including Operations) • Aircraft Requirements • Using Conceptual Information, FHA Then Analyzes and Establishes Aircraft & System Level: • Functions • Hazards • Hazard Effects • Hazard Classifications

6. Setting the AV Standards • For AV’s, a Multi-Level FHA Process Should Be Adopted • Create a Generic Level FHA that is not specific to a particular AV design • Concept AV Vehicle Level FHA • Concept AV System-Level FHA • Definition of the Generic AV FHA: • A qualitative, systematic, comprehensive examination of the basic functions of a generic design AV at the vehicle level to identify and classify Failure Conditions of those AV vehicle level functions according to their severity • The examination is also performed to establish Derived Generic AV Safety Standards to ensure a safe vehicle design and operation

7. Setting the AV Safety Standards • Generic AV-Level FHA Description: • Functions (Vehicle Level) • Hazard Description Considerations • Event Phase • Effect of Hazard on Other Vehicle-Level Functions • Failure Condition (Effect of Hazard on Vehicle) • Hazard Severity • Certification Approach • Derived Generic AV Systems Integrity & Airworthiness Standards

8. In Summary . . . • Present-day space transportation systems cannot accommodate future common carriage requirements, although they are adequate for the Adventure HSF Industry . . . • Nor is it too early to begin addressing common carriage requirements • Standards for AV flight and ground operations • Eventual airworthiness certification of AV’s • Future passenger-carrying AV’s should draw upon the successful design and operational heritage of military and commercial aircraft • Beginning with a Generic AV-Level FHA process to derive Generic AV Systems Integrity & Airworthiness Standards

9. Reference • Regulatory Challenges, Antitrust Hurdles, Intellectual Property Incentives, and the Collective Development of Aerospace Vehicle-Enabling Technologies and Standards: Creating an Industry Foundation, Journal of Space Law, Volume 35, Number 1 (2009)