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Morality

Morality. The fact that aspirin has been used for pain treatment, to reduce morality due to heart attacks, and can possibly reduce the risks of infection is incredible, -- Ambrose Cheung as in a press release. Academe: An ancient school where morality and philosophy were taught.

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Morality

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  1. Morality The fact that aspirin has been used for pain treatment, to reduce morality due to heart attacks, and can possibly reduce the risks of infection is incredible, -- Ambrose Cheung as in a press release Academe: An ancient school where morality and philosophy were taught. Academy: A modern school where football is taught. -- Ambrose Bierce (devil’s dictionary)

  2. What is Morality Morality: conformity to ideals of right human conduct Cultural Differences, Religious Differences, Moral Relativism?

  3. Moral Development 1) Behavioral Approach 2) Psychoanalytic Approach 3) Piagetian Approach 4) Kohlbergian Approach

  4. Behavioral Approach Morality is learned based on what we have been punished/rewarded for. Measures honesty and knowledge of moral rules

  5. Measures of Morality What is the right thing to do or say if someone steals your lunch: a) Steal another lunch to even it up b) Report it to the teacher c) Cry about it d) Say nothing about it

  6. Measures of Morality On the way to school Harold stopped to help an old woman shovel the snow from her sidewalk __ Good Scout __ What of it? __ Time wasted __ Why shouldn’t he? __ Splendid thing __ Goody-goody

  7. Measures of Morality While the teacher was out of the room Ruth took a few pieces of candy from her desk __ A fine idea __ Crooked __ What of it? __ Clever Stunt __ The mean thing __ Served the teacher right

  8. Measures of Morality • Choose from “Do not punish”, “Very lightly”, “Lightly”, “Rather strictly”, “Hard”, “Very Severely”. • Robbing a house then burning it. • Pretending not to hear when someone calls. • Refusing to help make toys for sick children. • Taking a few apples from a fruit stand.

  9. Psychoanalytic Approach Internalized Moral Values Process of Identification Development of Guilt Tests involve projection and projective tests.

  10. Measures of Morality One day Ted’s mother goes visiting a friend of hers in another town. Now Ted is all alone with nothing to do. He thinks of the boxes in the top of his mother’s closet. She has told him never to take down the boxes. He knows his mother won’t be home till suppertime. Ted climbs up and takes down the boxes. YOU FINISH THE STORY.

  11. Piagetian Approach Two stages of morality Heteronomous Consequences Morality by Sanctions Immanent Justice Punishment as Retribution Autonomous Intentions Morality Independent of Sanctions Mature Causal Understanding Punishment for Restitution

  12. Measures of Morality • There was a little boy who thought it would be fun to play with his father’s pen and inkwell. While playing with the pen, he made a little blot on the tablecloth • There was a little boy who noticed his father’s inkwell was empty. He thought of filling the inkwell so as to help his father, but while he was opening the bottle, he made a big blot on the tablecloth.

  13. Measures of Morality Once there were two children who were stealing apples in an orchard. Suddenly a policeman comes along and the children run away. One of them is caught. The other one, going home by a roundabout way, crosses a river on a rotten bridge and falls into the water. Now what do you think: if he had not stolen the apples, and had crossed the river on the rotten bridge all the same, would he also have fallen into the water?

  14. Kohlberg PREMORAL Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist CONVENIENCE Stage 3: Interpersonal Concodance Stage 4: Law and Order orientation PRINCIPLED Stage 5: Social Contract Stage 6: Universal Ethical

  15. Measures of Morality A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. The woman’s husband went to everyone he knew to borrow money, but could only get half the cost of the drug. The druggist refused to sell for less, and the man couldn’t get a loan. Should the husband steal the drug?

  16. Kohlberg • Large Cultural Differences • Large Gender Differences • Alternate Account • 1  2  3  4,5,6

  17. Disturbing Thoughts

  18. The schedule • Conformity • Obedience • Social Rolls • Altruism

  19. Conformity Asch Study: Naïve participant 6 to 8 confederates Line length recognition judgments

  20. Conformity

  21. Conformity Asch Study:

  22. Conformity Asch Study: Original study 76% conform!

  23. Conformity Factors influencing conformity Cohesiveness (Crandall, 1988) Binge eating Group size (Gerard et al, 1968) Magical number 3 Social Norms (Cialdini et al, 1991) Litter study

  24. Obedience Stanley Milgram’s studies:

  25. Obedience Stanley Milgram’s studies: Moderate: Victim complains, 100% Strong: Complains of heart condition, 99% Very Strong: Pounds on the wall in protest, 91% Intense: Pounds again, stops giving answers, 75% Extreme Intensity: 68% Danger; severe shock: 65% XXX 450 volts: 65% go all the way

  26. Obedience Stanley Milgram’s studies: • Run down office building vs. Yale campus • Children vs. adults • Male vs. female • Victim begs to be released, appeals to morality • Participant has to force down victim’s hand onto shock plate (30% go all the way) • Many different countries and cultures.

  27. Social Roles Stanford Prison Experiment

  28. Social Roles Stanford Prison Experiment Stanford students randomly assigned to be prisoners or guards. Guards were abusing prisoners by day 2.

  29. Altruism Bystander Nonintervention

  30. Altruism Bystander Nonintervention

  31. Altruism Diffusion of Responsibility I er I think I need er if if could er er somebody er er help because I er I’m er h-h-having a a a real problem er right now and and I er if somebody could help me out it would er er s-s-sure be good… (choking sounds)… I’m gonna die er er I’m gonna die er help er er seizure (more choking, goes quiet).

  32. Altruism Diffusion of Responsibility Time to help % help

  33. Other Issues • Emotion (Crimes of Passion) • Psychopathology (e.g. Sociopaths) • Altered States of Consciousness • Teaching Morality • Other situational variables (poverty)

  34. Homework • The Devil’s Advocate • http://www.parentingbookmark.com/pages/articleBMI05.htm • http://www.geocities.com/Broadway/Lobby/3479/clyrics13.html (if you can find a way to listen to the song, do that) • Neuremberg Trials (link by email)

  35. Homework II • Das Experiment • Prisonexp.org • http://www.stanford.edu/dept/DoR/hs/ • http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0762136.html

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