Effective Training: Systems, Strategies, and Practices, 4 th Edition

Effective Training: Systems, Strategies, and Practices, 4th Edition Chapter Nine P. Nick Blanchard and James W. Thacker

Process Output Input Process Measures Evaluation Strategy and Design Evaluation Objectives Outcome Measures - Reaction - Learning - Behavior - Results Organizational Constraints Design Issues Evaluation Phase

Potential Questions to Be Addressed in a Process Analysis (Before Training) – Part 1 of 2 Were needs diagnosed correctly? • What data sources were used? • Was a knowledge/skill deficiency identified? • Were trainees assessed to determine their prerequisite KSAs? Were needs translated into training objectives? • Were all objectives identified? • Were the objectives written in a clear, appropriate manner? Was an evaluation system designed to measure objectives? Was the training program designed to meet all the training objectives? • Was previous learning that supports or inhibits training identified? • Were individual differences assessed/factored into training design? • Was trainee motivation to learn assessed?

Potential Questions to Be Addressed in a Process Analysis (Before Training) – Part 2 of 2 • What steps were taken to address trainee motivation to learn? • Were processes built into training to facilitate recall and transfer? • Were steps included to call attention to key learning events? • What steps are included in the training to aid trainees in symbolic coding and cognitive organization? • What opportunities are included in the training to provide symbolic and behavioral practice? • What actions are included in the training to ensure transfer of learning to the job? • Are the training methods appropriate for the learning objectives?

Potential Questions to Be Addressed in a Process Analysis (During Training) • Were the trainer, training techniques, and training/learning objectives well matched? • • Were lecture portions of the training effective? • Was involvement encouraged/solicited? • Were questions used effectively? • •Did the trainer conduct the various training methodologies (case study, role play, etc.) appropriately? • Was enough time allotted? • Did the trainer use the allotted time for activities? • Was enough time allotted? • Did trainees follow instructions • Was there effective debriefing following exercises? • • Did the trainer follow the training design and lesson plans? • Was enough time given for each of the requirements? • Was time allowed for questions?

Who Is Interested in the Process Data Training Department Trainer: Yes, to determine what works well and what does not. Other trainers: Yes, to the extent that process is generalizable. Training manager: Only if training is not successful or a problem is present with a particular trainer. Customers Trainees: No Trainees’ supervisor: No Upper management: No

Reaction Questionnaire for the Trainer – Part 1 of 2 Please circle the number that reflects the degree to which you agree or disagree with the following statements. 1= Strongly disagree, 2= Disagree, 3= Neither agree nor disagree 4= Agree 5 =Strongly agree • 1. The trainer did a good job of stating the objectives • at the beginning of training ……….………..…………………..1 2 3 4 5 • 2. The trainer made good use of visual aids (easel, white • board) when making the presentations ……………....……….1 2 3 4 5 • 3. The trainer was good at keeping everyone interested • in the topics ……………………………………………..………. 1 2 3 4 5 • 4. The trainer encouraged questions and participation • from trainees …………………………….……………………..1 2 3 4 5

5. The trainer made sure everyone understood the concepts before moving on to the next topic…………………………..1 2 3 4 5 6. The trainer summarized important concepts before moving to the next module……………………………………1 2 3 4 5 7. Overall, how would you rate this trainer (check one) ____1. Poor; I would not recommend this trainer to others. ____2. Adequate; I would recommend this trainer only if no others were available. ____3. Average ____4. Good; I would recommend this trainer above most others. ____5. Excellent; this trainer is among the very best I’ve ever worked with. 8. Additional comments: Reaction Questionnaire for the Trainer – Part 2 of 2

1. Determine what you want to find out (consider training objectives). 2. Develop a written set of questions to obtain the information. 3. Develop a scale to quantify respondents’ data. 4. Make forms anonymous so participants will feel free to respond honestly. 5. Ask for information useful in determining differences in reactions by subgroups (e.g., young vs. old; minority vs. non-minority). This could be valuable in determining effectiveness of training for different cultures, for example, which may be lost in an overall assessment. Steps to Consider in Developing a Reaction Questionnaire – Part 1 of 2

Steps to Consider in Developing a Reaction Questionnaire – Part 2 of 2 Note: Care must be taken when asking for this information. If you ask too many questions about race, gender, age, tenure, and so on, participants will begin to feel that they can be identified without their name on the questionnaire. 6. Allow space for “Additional Comments” in order to allow participants the opportunity to mention things you might not have considered. 7. Decide the best time to give the questionnaire to get the information you want. a. If right after training, ask someone other than the instructor to administer and pick up the information. b. If some time later, develop a mechanism to obtain a high response rate (e.g., encourage the supervisor to allow trainees to complete the questionnaire on company time).

Procedures for Developing a Multiple Choice Test • Examine objectives to gain a clear understanding of the content area you wish to test. • Write the questions in a clear manner. Shorter is better. • Choose alternatives to the correct response from typical errors made during training. Make alternatives realistic. • Do not consistently make the correct response always longer than incorrect responses. • Provide four options. More than four takes longer to read, and it is difficult enough to write three reasonable alternatives along with the correct answer. • Pretest items by giving the test to those expected to know the material. Ask for feedback on clarity. Note any questions that many of them get wrong • Give revised items to a group of full trained (experienced) employees and a group of untrained (inexperienced) employees. The former should score well and the latter should do poorly..

Test of Knowledge Organization for Civil Engineers 1 of 2 The following list of concepts is related to road construction. Use them to fill in the appropriate blank boxes in the map. Try to fill in the boxes so that related terms or concepts are clustered together. Concepts can be related because they occur at the same time, one is necessary for the other, or one leads to the other. Each of the listed concepts is used only once. Note that some of the concepts are already mapped for you. Concepts: Asphalt placement Prime/tack coat Striper Compaction/rolling Rollers Striping Cut/fill Signage Survey Dump truck Site access Traffic Hot Materials

Test of Knowledge Organization for Civil Engineers 2 of 2 Water Trucks Compaction earthwork Safety paver Heavy equipment Spray truck curing finishing Safety safety Road access

Example of an Attitudinal Measure Attitudes Toward Empowerment Please indicate the degree to which you agree or disagree with the following statements. 1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neither agree nor disagree 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree 1. Empowering employees is just another way to get more work done with fewer people. (reverse scored)…………..1 2 3 4 5 2. Empowering of employees allows everyone to contribute their ideas to the betterment of the company….1 2 3 4 5 3. The empowerment program has improved my relationship with my supervisor………………………………………………1 2 3 4 5 4. Empowerment has brought more meaning to my life at this company……………………………………………………..1 2 3 4 5 5. Empowerment interventions should be introduced in other plants in this company…………………………………………..1 2 3 4 5 6. The empowerment process has been a positive influence in labor-management relations…………………………………….1 2 3 4 5

Guidelines for Writing Effective Questionnaires – Part 1 of 4 1. Write simply and clearly, and make the meaning obvious. Bad: To what extent do supervisors provide information regarding the quality of performance of people at your level? Good: How often does your boss give you feedback on your job? 2. Ask one question at a time. Bad: Both the organization’s goals and my role within the organization are clear. Good: The organization’s goals are clear. My role within the organization is clear.

Guidelines for Writing Effective Questionnaires – Part 2 of 4 3. Provide discrete response options. Bad: During the past three months how often did you receive feedback on your work? 1 2 3 4 5 rarely occasionally frequently Good: During the past three months how often did you receive feedback on your work? 1 2 3 4 5 not once 1–3 times about once 2-4 times once a a month a week a week day or more

Guidelines for Writing Effective Questionnaires – Part 3 of 4 4. Limit the number of response options. Bad: What percent of the time are you sure of what your compensation will be? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0–10% 11–20% 21–30% 31–40% 41–50% 51–60% 61–70% 71–80% 81–90% 91–100% Good: What percent of the time are you sure of what your compensation will be? 1 2 3 4 5 0–20% 21–40% 41–60% 61–80% 81–100%

Guidelines for Writing Effective Questionnaires – Part 4 of 4 5. Match the response mode to the question. Bad: To what extent are you satisfied with your job? 1 2 3 4 5 strongly disagree agree strongly disagree agree Good: To what extent are you satisfied with your job? 1 2 3 4 5 not at all a little bit some quite a lot very much

Scripted Situation Item for Evaluation of a School Superintendent The following is a scenario about a school superintendent. Read the scenario and place an X next to the behavior you believe your superintendent would follow. The administrator receives a letter from a parent objecting to the content of the science section on reproduction. The parent strongly objects to his daughter having exposure to such materials and demands something be done. The effective administrator would most likely: (check one) ____ Ask the teacher to provide handouts, materials, and curriculum content for review. ____ Check the science curriculum for the board-approved approach to reproduction, and compare board guidelines to course content. ____ Ask the head of the science department for his or her opinion about the teacher’s lesson plan. ____ Check to see if the parent has made similar complaints in the past.

External environment of the organization: Economy, regulations, suppliers, etc Internal environment of the organization: Policies, procedures, systems Employee performance, KSAs, and needs Organizational Results Transfer of training Motivational forces in the job setting Opportunity to applying training on the job KSAs Job Behavior Trainee readiness for the course Trainee motivation to learn Design, materials, and content Trainer(s) behaviors Learning Perceived match between trainee Exceptions and what training provided Reactions Types of Outcomes and Examples of Factors Affecting those Outcomes

Cost Savings for Grievance Reduction Training

Training Investment Analysis Work Sheet—Part 1 of 5 Objective: Audience: Returns measured over: One year: Other:

Training Investment Analysis Work Sheet--Part 2 of 5 Part 1: Calculating the Revenue Produced by Training Option A-Itemized Analysis Increased sales: Additional sales per employee X Revenues (or margin) per sale X Number of employees = Revenue Produced by Training Higher Productivity: Percent increase in productivity X Cost per employee (salary plus benefits plus overhead) X Number of employees = Revenue Produced by Training

Training Investment Analysis Work Sheet--Part 3 of 5 Reduced errors: Average cost per error X Number of errors avoided per employee X Number of employees = Revenue Produced by Training Client retention: Average revenue per client X Number of clients retained = Revenue Produced by Training

Training Investment Analysis Work Sheet--Part 4 of 5 Employee retention: Average cost of a new employee ( training plus lost productivity) Number of employees retained X Revenue Produced by Training Other: = Total Revenue Produced by Training Option B-Summary Analysis $ - = Revenue Revenue Revenue After Training Without Training Produced by Training

Training Investment Analysis Work Sheet Part--5 of 5 Part 2: Calculating the Return - = Revenue Cost of Total Return Produced Training on Training By Training Investment

Calculation of the Utility of the Grievance Training – Part 1 of 2 Formula: U = (N)(T)(DT)(SDY) - C N = 30 T = 1 year (This is probably an overly conservative estimate) DT = .2 DT = Xt – Xu SD (r yy) Xt = average job performance of the trained supervisors Xu = average job performance of the untrained supervisors SD =standard deviation of job performance for the untrained supervisors r yy = reliability of job performance measure

Calculation of the Utility of the Grievance Training – Part 2 of 2 DT is a measure of the improvement (in standard deviation units) in performance that trained supervisors will exhibit. SDY = $14,000 This is based on: .40 X $35,000 = $14,000 The above assumes average salary of 35,000 dollars. The .40 comes from the 40% rule, which is a calculation based on 40% of the average salary of trainees. So based on the above information, the utility of the training based on this formula is: 30 X 1 X .2 X 14,000 - 32,020 = $51,980

Who Is Interested in the Outcome Data

Effective Training: Systems, Strategies, and Practices, 4 th Edition