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Classical Civilizations: Expansion, Integration, Decline

territorial expansion, social distinctions, trade routes, decline

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Classical Civilizations: Expansion, Integration, Decline

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  1. Chapter Five:The Classical PeriodDirections, Diversities and Declines by 600 CE Ms. Sheets AP World History

  2. Common Themes in Classical Civilizations • 1) Territorial expansion • 2) Efforts to integrate new territories (Rome, Mauryans, Han) • A) Requires territorial and social cohesion, each civilization has social distinctions • 3) Unification • A) China (centralization) • B) India (religious values) • C) Mediterranean world (cultural achievements) • 4) Decline

  3. Major Trends with Classical Trade • Indian Ocean Trade • East Africa to Southern China • Items traded: Chinese pottery, Indian spices, and Indian/African ivory • Silk Road Trade • China to Mediterranean • Exchange of Western/Eastern goods, religions, technology, disease • Trans-Saharan Trade • Across the Sahara: camels • Items traded: salt, palm oil, olives, wheat, wild animals

  4. Expansion, Integration, Decline: India • Used localized governments in new territories • Used Hinduism to expand (Buddhism unappealing) • Used the caste system to create social distinctions • Mauryans – centralized government • Guptas – divided into regions • Decline • By 600, White Huns destroy Guptas • Simultaneously, regions become stronger and independent, which weakens the Gupta rulers • After 600, Islam enters India

  5. Expansion and Integration: China • Expand west and south, try to integrate regions through common culture • Promote one language (written and spoken) • Greater political centralization • Zhou – feudalism (regional princes and noblemen) • Qin – eliminate feudalism, strong centralized gov • Han – educated bureaucracy, strong centralized gov

  6. Decline: China • Decline begins around 100 CE • Heavy taxes on peasants • Poor harvests • Decline of interest in Confucianism • Weak emperors and influence of army generals • Nomadic invasions by Huns (Xiongnu or Hsiung-nu) and other nomadic tribes • Yellow Turban Rebellion, 184 CE • Daoist revolutionaries led peasant revolt and promised an era of success and prosperity which would be initiated by magic. • Three Kindgoms Era (disorder and political decentralization), then Sui dynasty by 589 CE

  7. Expansion, Integration, Decline: Greece • Use of common language • Persian War helped to integrate city-states, unite against common enemy • Ultimately default to city-state identity, geographic unity is challenging • Peloponnesian War is detrimental to strength of city-states • Decline • Taken by Macedonian Empire • Greek culture (Hellenism) continues

  8. Expansion, Integration, Decline: Rome • Use of tolerance, common law for conquered peoples • Citizenship for all • Allow regional diversity • Used a trade network that relied on everyone • Golden Age ends 180 CE • Decline • Complex (economy, plague, leadership) • Self-sufficiency of latifundia (large estates) lessens need for central authority (emperor) • Germanic tribes invade in 400s • Split of East and West

  9. Religion during Classical Decline • Rapid expansion of Buddhism into Southeast and East Asia • Rapid emergence and expansion of Christianity into Mediterranean and Europe • Edict of Milan, issued by Constantine to permit the practice of Christianity in Rome • Islam appears and spreads (622 BCE) • Hinduism spreads rapidly across South Asia

  10. Other Civilizations During the Classical Period • Kush:originate around 1,000 BCE south of Egypt. • At 750 BCE, Kushites conquered Egypt. • Adapted many Egyptian advancements • Advanced in iron smelting and agriculture • Kush was defeated by Christian kingdom Axum in 300 CE • Axum was conquered by its rival, Ethiopia, shortly after.

  11. Other Civilizations • Japanese - successful around 200 CE • Migrations to Japan for 200,000 years • Advanced in ironworking (skip bronze and copper) • Rely on agriculture • Regional states • Shintoism – indigenous and national religion in 700 CE • Worship of political rulers and spirits of nature • Simple religion of individual worship • Connect Japan to its ancient and mythical past

  12. Mesoamerican Civilizations • Olmecs • First major civilization in Mexico • Central Mexican river valley around 800 BCE • Very advanced in agriculture (corn, potatoes) • Domesticated few animals • Religious statues, art forms • Completely disappeared in 400 BCE

  13. Mesoamerican Civilizations • Maya, Mexican peninsula around 400 CE • Maybe most advanced culture in region • Pyramid shaped temples • Only writing system of Meso-America • Religion was very complex • Inca, modern day Peru, arise early 13th c. • Emperor with absolute power • Built fortresses and irrigation systems • Used llamas to carry goods

  14. Oceanic Civilizations • Polynesians • migrated to islands (Fiji, Samoa) in 1000 BCE • Eventually move to Hawaii in 400 CE (giant canoes) • Isolated development • Highly stratified class system under powerful kings (esp. Hawaii) • Expansion of agriculture

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