Safety & Management Solutions Ltd NEBOSH General Certificate In Occupational Health and Safety .

1. Safety & Management Solutions Ltd NEBOSH General Certificate In Occupational Health and Safety . Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

2. NGC2 Physical and physiological health hazards and risk controls Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

3. Learning outcomes To gain an understanding of • Noise hazards and controls • Vibration hazards and controls • Health effects of ionising and non-ionising radiation and controls • Health effects of stress and controls Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

4. What is Noise? Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

5. Noise Noise is an unpleasant / unwanted sound Types of noise • Continues • Impulse Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

6. The Ear Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

7. Sources of noise What work places would be most effected by noise Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

8. Noise at work • Nightclubs • Woodworking shops • Engines rooms • Aircraft hangars • Construction sites • Boiler houses • Saw mills • Blacksmiths shop Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

9. Definitions • Wave length Sound is measured in pressure units Travels In the form of a wave • Frequency The rate of repetition of the wave per second • Tone A near single frequency sound Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

10. Health effects of noise at work Temporary noise induced hearing loss Noise induced hearing loss A progressive condition Hair cells in cochlea become progressively damaged Hairs no longer respond to fluid movement Damage is permanent • Exposure to high levels of noise over a short period • Hair cells are temporarily affected • Sound is muffled • 8-16 hours to recover Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

11. Health effects of noise at work Tinnitus • Ringing/ high-pitched tones • Over-stimulation of hair cells • Noise induced or infection Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

12. Exposure action values Lower action level The upper action level A daily or weekly personal noise exposure of 85dB (A weighted) A peak sound pressure of 137 dB (C weighted) • A daily or weekly personal noise exposure of 80dB (A weighted) • A peak sound pressure of 135 dB (C weighted) Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

13. Exposure Limits The exposure limit values are • A daily or weekly personal noise exposure of 87dB (A weighted) • A peak sound pressure of 140dB (C-weighted) Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

14. Noise control and techniques Elimination Isolation Absorption Damping Workplace exposure limits PPE Health surveillance Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

15. What are the advantages and limitations of Ear plugs and ear muffs Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

16. Ear Defenders (advantages) Ear Muffs Ear Plugs Cheap Compatible with other PPE Lightweight No maintenance • Reusable • Blocks sound at a high rating • Visible so they are easy to monitor • Can be integrated with other PPE (headwear) Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

17. Ear defenders (limitations) Ear Muffs Ear Plugs Risk of infections Uncomfortable if worn for long periods Can only be worn once Worn inside the ear difficult to monitor • Uncomfortable when worn for a long time • Incompatibilities with other PPE • Compromised by long hair, glasses etc • Requires correct storage and maintenance Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

18. What jobs are most likely to be exposed to vibration Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

19. Vibration at work Stone mason Heavy plant operators Drivers Ground workers Gardeners Construction Mechanics Metalwork Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

20. Definitions Vibration • A repeated oscillating movement Hand arm vibration (HAV) Mechanical vibration transmitted into hands and arms during a work activity Whole body vibration (WBV) Mechanical vibration transmitted into the body, when seated or standing, through the supporting surface during work Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

21. Health effects HAVs • Immediate bleaching of one or more fingers • Tingling and cold sensation • Loss of grip/ strength • Sleep deprivation Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

22. White Finger

23. Whole body vibration • Caused by exposure to equipment that allows rapid movement of the whole body most commonly seated • Most common injury is back pain • Long term exposure can lead to considerable pain and long term absence from work Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

24. Controlling Exposure • Look for alternative work methods • Use Equipment that gives out less vibration • Work equipment must be serviced by a competent person • Maintain work equipment as much as possible and report any defects to a competent person • Set work exposure limits when unavoidable • Ensure adequate breaks are taken • Train staff in safe use of working with vibration • Provide and maintain suitable personal protective equipment • Health surveillance

25. Setting exposure Levels

26. What types of work place are at risk form the dangers to radiation? Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

27. Radiation • Wielder • Gardener • Radiographer • Hospital staff • Security • Nuclear workers Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

28. Radiation Ionising Radiation Non-ionising Radiation Ultra violet Visible light Infra-red Radio frequency and microwaves • Alpha Particles • Beta Partials • Gamma rays • X rays Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

29. Potential health effects (ionising) Acute Chronic Dermatitis Skin ulcers Cataracts Cancer • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhoea • Burns Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

30. Control measures (ionising) Shielding • Lead lined containers • Store in shielded containers • Secure storage • Use in specified and shielded areas Controlling the dose • Limiting and reducing exposure • Prohibiting access to non authorised employees Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

31. Control measures (ionising) • Safe systems of work • Hygiene procedures • PPE Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

32. Effects on body (non-ionising) Ultra violet • Sun burn • Arc eye • Cataracts Infrared • Skin burns • Cataracts Radio frequency • Whole body heating • Cataracts Lasers • Skin burns • Corneal and retinal damage Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

33. Control measure (non-ionising) Ultra violet and infrared Lasers Enclosures Fixed shielding Interlock devices Non reflective surfaces Eye protection Segregated areas • Physical shielding • Eye protection • Skin protection • Proactive clothing • Fluid replacement Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

34. Controls measures (non-ionising) Radio frequencies and microwaves • Control of access to danger areas • Remove metallic equipment • Exclusion zones • Personal radiation monitors • Warning signs • Information, instruction and training Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

35. What is the best way to control stress in the workplace? Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

36. Stress An adverse reaction to external pressure Symptoms include raised blood pressure, Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

37. Causes of work related stress • Demand • Poor communication • Lack of support • Relationships Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

38. Effects of stress Physical effects Behavioural effects Increased anxiety Irritability Erratic sleep patterns Poor concentration Feeling of inability to cope with everyday tasks • Increased heart rate • Sweating • Headache • Aching neck and shoulders • Skin rashes Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

39. Signs of stress • Lack of motivation • Lack of commitment • Poor timekeeping • Increase in mistakes • Increase of sickness absence Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012

40. Control of stress • Changes in management culture • Early identification • Job redesign • A sympathetic policy Safety & Management Solutions Ltd April 2012