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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. The Camera. The Viewfinder. Our viewfinders show exposure information and what was recorded. Exposure. Aperture, shutter speed and film speed/ISO all control exposure. ISO. Sensitivity. ISO is the number indicating the film or digital camera sensor ’ s sensitivity to light.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 The Camera

  2. The Viewfinder • Ourviewfinders show exposure information and what was recorded

  3. Exposure Aperture, shutter speed and film speed/ISO all control exposure.

  4. ISO

  5. Sensitivity • ISO is the number indicating the film or digital camera sensor’s sensitivity to light. • The higher the sensitivity, the less light is needed to make an exposure.

  6. ISO Settings • ISO 100 - 200 for taking photos in bright light. This has the best image quality.

  7. ISO Settings • ISO 200 – 400 for taking photographs on a cloudy or overcast day. Okay image quality, with some visible noise.

  8. ISO Settings • ISO 400 and above is usually used for indoor photography when using available light, for stop-action photography, and for sports photography. It has the lowest quality with visible noise.

  9. ISO and “noise” • "Image noise" is the digital equivalent of film grain .  • Most smaller more compact cameras produce high to very high camera noise. • The higher the ISO, the more noise in the photograph. The amount of noise will vary from camera to camera.

  10. “Noise” causes the picture to appear grainy

  11. High ISO • Shooting with a higher ISO helps reduce the effect of camera shake when taking pictures in low-light. • It allows you to take photos without using a flash, making images appear more natural.

  12. Tips • Avoid using a high ISO unless you have a digital camera that is capable of handling it well. Instead, use a tripod and a long shutter on subjects that are not moving. • When shooting in low light, it is better to select an ISO number than to let the camera decide for you.

  13. digital Photography School

  14. Shutter Speed • Shutter speed selector controls the length of time that the shutter remains open • Shorter time decreases the likely hood that a moving object will appear blurred

  15. Shutter Speed Selector • A fast shutter freezes action. (500th) • A Slow Shutter blurs action. (8th second) Fast Shutter Slow Shutter

  16. Aperture Selector • Aperture selector adjusts the size of the lens opening (diaphragm) • The smaller the aperture opening the greater the depth of field (the part of the scene from near to far that will be sharp) Large Aperture Opening Small Aperture Opening

  17. Interchangeable Lenses • Interchangeable lenses let you select the lens focal length • This controls the size of objects in the picture and the extent of the scene recorded on the film • The longer your lens the worse your camera shake will be

  18. The Shutter and Light • Two controls adjust the amount of light that reaches the film. The shutter and the aperture. • The shutter controls the amount of light that reaches the film by the length of time it remains open

  19. Stop • The term “stop” in photography refers to a change in illumination whether the shutter speed or the aperture is changed to achieve it • Adding one stop doubles the amount of light. Decreasing a stop, halves the light.

  20. The Shutter and Light - Continued • Cameras used to provide shutter speeds only at full stops, but many cameras today offer a wide variety of stops such as 1/2 stops and 1/3 stops • The bulb setting keeps the shutter open as long as the release is held down • If you are using a handheld camera, use a shutter speed faster than the focal length of the lens. EX- If you use a 50mm lens your shutter speed should be faster than 1/60 second.

  21. The Shutter Cont. • The faster the shutter speed the sharper a moving subject would be. • Other factors besides shutter and subject speed also affect the amount of blurring in a photograph.

  22. The Shutter Cont. • Panning keeps a moving subject sharp while blurring the background.

  23. ApertureandDepth of Field • The area of acceptable sharpness is known as the Depth of Field. This is controlled by the aperture. • The aperture is the size of the lens opening • The aperture works like the pupil of an eye, enlarging and contracting to admit more or less light. • The smaller the aperture opening, the more a scene will be sharp near to far.

  24. Aperture Continued • The aperture controls the brightness of the light that reaches the film • The size of the aperture is indicated by its f-number • Lenses are often described as fast or slow.

  25. The smaller the f stop (number) the larger the opening. For example f/2 has a large opening and f/32 has a tiny opening. Opening up one stop, lets in twice as much light. For example, from f/11 changing to f/8 makes the exposure twice as bright.

  26. Using Aperture & Shutter Together • Both of these elements affect the amount of light entering the camera. • You need the proper combination of the two to get a properly exposed image. • Both of these also affect the sharpness

  27. Choosing a Camera • You must first decide what kind of pictures you want to take. • Compare prices, accessories, and service. • SLR (single-lens reflex) cameras show you the scene directly through the lens. • Rangefinder/Viewfinder cameras show you the scene through a small window. What you see through the viewfinder is not exactly what your lens will record, so you have to be particularly careful when shooting close -ups, as you might cut something off you want in your image. • Some places to consider shopping for cameras and other equipment are Competitive Camera in Dallas and online at B&H.

  28. Keeping Camera Steady • You must keep your camera steady during exposure. • Too much camera motion during exposure will cause sharpness problems ranging from slight image softness to hopeless blurring. • The amount of camera movement that can occur without ruining your photo depends on several factors including, how much you plan to enlarge the image, the camera’s design, shutter speed, focal length, and aperture. • Tripods and monopods can significantly help when it comes to keeping your camera still • Cable releases or remotes can also help you avoid unwanted movement.

  29. Tabletop Tripod Tripod Monopod Camera Release

  30. Quiz

  31. 1. • If you wanted to photograph a racecar, so that it looked blurred you would use • A fast shutter speed • Panning • The zone system • A slow shutter speed

  32. 2. • What ISO would you use in bright sunlight? • 200 • 400 • 800 • 1600

  33. 3. • SLR stands for single lens reflex • True • False

  34. 4. • Which of the following factors control exposure • Aperture • Shutter speed • Film speed/ISO • All of the above

  35. 5. • The smaller the f stop (number) the larger the opening • True • False

  36. 6. Without a tripod, using a 50mm lens, you should shoot with a shutter speed of at least a)1/500 b)1/8 c)1/250 d)1/60

  37. 7. • A lens that is set at f8, lets in half as much light as one set at • F4 • F5.6 • F16 • f32

  38. 8. • The _______ setting keeps the shutter open as long as the release is held down. • Steady • Hold • Bulb • Long

  39. 10. • The ____ works like the pupil of an eye, enlarging and contracting to admit more or less light. • CCD • CMOS • Shutter • Aperture

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