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Microarrays

Microarrays. Gene Expression. Except gametes, every one of our cells contains 46 chromosomes. There are about 30,000 genes found on these chromosomes. Some genes are active on every chromosome in every cell. Some genes are active only in certain cells. Normal Male Karyotype.

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Microarrays

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  1. Microarrays

  2. Gene Expression • Except gametes, every one of our cells contains 46 chromosomes. • There are about 30,000 genes found on these chromosomes. • Some genes are active on every chromosome in every cell. • Some genes are active only in certain cells

  3. Normal Male Karyotype

  4. Normal Male Karyotype

  5. PINK1 gene – Active in every cell in the body CASQ2 gene – Active in only cardiac muscle cells ACTA1 gene – Active in skeletal muscle cells

  6. Changes in Gene Expression • May be caused by the environment • May indicate disease progression • May highlight differences among individuals

  7. What’s a microarray? • Allow scientists to analyze the expression of many genes in a single experiment.

  8. What does it do? • Compare gene expression in healthy and sick people • Compare gene expression of the same organism during different life stages • Compare gene expression of the same organism in different environments

  9. How does it work? Single stranded probes search for complementary target sequences. Probe sequence target sequence

  10. What a microarray looks like • Glass slide, silicon chip, or nylon membrane • 1.25 cm x 1.25 cm checkerboard • Each square is 11 micrometers by 11 micrometers • Attached to each square are millions of copies of one of a single stranded DNA probe

  11. Human Genome Array • The size of a dime • Over 1.3 million squares • Can screen for the presence of 47,000 different nucleic acid sequences

  12. How to make a microarray?

  13. healthy DNA not so healthy DNA

  14. gene A gene B healthy DNA not so healthy DNA gene C gene D

  15. gene A gene B healthy DNA X gene C X gene D

  16. X gene A gene B not so healthy DNA X gene C gene D

  17. Patient 1: Patient 2: Microarray: Interpretation: Genes A and B are expressed in healthy people Genes B and D are expressed in sick people

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