Human Diversity

1. Human Diversity Chapter 2 Multiculturalism, Social Pluralism, and Socio-Demographic Variability

2. “The ethnically competent social worker of today and of the future must be sensitive to ethnic considerations and competent in dealing with ethnic concerns.”Leigh(1985) “The Ethnically Competent Social Worker.”

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Understand the meaning of human diversity and its significance in human service • Recognize the need for skill and sensitivity to human diversity throughout all phases of the General Method • Understand multiculturalism, social pluralism, and socio-demographic variance and their relationship to prejudice • Grow in self-awareness and understanding of probable reasons for the prejudices experienced in own life

4. While certain common human needs are essential for all persons, individuals’ frames of reference for thinking and feeling about these needs and seeking ways to fulfill them differ

5. While a good number of people like coffee there are an infinite variety of ways people drink their coffeePeople like difference kinds of ice cream and like to eat their ice cream in different waysSome like to have pickles in theirsOthers like to have garlic flavor

6. All the same people feel in a multitude of ways and experience the “felt-sense” of their experiences in totally varied ways.

7. UP TO HERE FOR TH. SEPT. 20TH

8. Cultural Diversity Welcome to the World We Live In • 6000+ communities and languages • 175 million persons living away from country of birth • Number of visible minorities in Canada to double by 2017 (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 2003)

9. Multiculturalism • Race • National Origin • Religion (Spirituality) • Ethnic Group • Social Pluralism, and Socio-Demographic Variability

10. Human Diversity • Focus on: • Person’s membership in a particular cultural group • Pluralizing social stratification influences • Personal and socio-demographic variability in endowment, personality, age, gender, sexual orientation, health, and physical and mental ability.

11. Diversity: Challenges for Practitioners and Researchers • Understanding the Client Population/Data needs • Differential Impact of Services on specific Populations • Differential Impact of Policy on specific populations

12. Culture Aset of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or social group Encompasses lifestyles, values, traditions, beliefs, art and literature (UNESCO, 2003) National Origin National origin refers to persons who share a place or country of origin and, often, a common ancestry. They also share a sense of historical circumstances, continuity, and psychosocial referents that create a sense of social group identity. Culture and National Origin

13. Culture

14. Cultural influences include: • Goals and aspirations, • Patterns of resources • Utilization or help-seeking behaviors, • Self concepts or identity, • Patterns of communication and emotional control, and • Ways of perceiving life events and social situations

15. The Cultural Iceberg CULTURE Dress - Food Games - Music Artifacts - Literature Surface Deep Waters History geography Language -dialects Status / class Gender Roles Concept of time Religion Values Political history/climate Communication styles Beliefs Norms Attitudes Formality / informality Education System And more . . . Family/community/tribal systems Just as nine-tenths of an iceberg is below the waterline & out of sight, nine-tenths of culture is below conscious awareness.

16. Cultural reality is apparent in • Societal structure of technology, laws and governance structures, religion and rituals, and social rules • Cognitive, affective, and action realms associated with individual and collective values, beliefs, attitudes, ideas, and expectation in everyday life.

17. Cultural values affect the way people make sense of: • problems, situations, and the actions taken in pursuit of important goals. • Each culture has ideal role types, normative expectations, and shared symbolic interpretations that: • Give meaning experiences • Ground and identify a person’s sense of self • Generate a sense of individual well-being of persons-in-environment

18. Cultures often interlock as individuals form varied backgrounds come together. • An Anglo social worker, for example, with a future time perspective may become annoyed with a Mexican American, present-oriented client who does not conserve her money to last throughout the month. This client, in turn, may become irritated with the social worker, who is seen as taking too much time to collect data before providing a direct service

19. Ethnic Group Subculture within a society Distinctive characteristics and traditions associated with categories of race, national origin, and/or religion. Ethnic Identity Stable inner sense of who a person is. Formed by the successful integration of the various experiences of the self into a coherent self-image Forms the basis of a person’s ethnic self-image Multiculturalism Concepts

20. Top 15 Reported Ethnic Origins by Canadians, 2002 EDS

21. Extended family is a very important part of everyone’s life. Individuals possess potential that must be maximized. Past generations affect and define individuals –-the past is part of the present. Success is measured in material terms, personal fulfillment, the overcoming of challenges. The good of the group supersedes individual interest. Children are indebted to parents for their birth and rearing. Early independence is encouraged. We accept the inevitable. Fate has been written. Fatalism. Financial dependence by family members is the norm. Self-reliance, freedom of choice, individual rights are part of life. Canadian CultureCircle the statements that represent the values and beliefs of Canadian culture How do the values and beliefs of Canadian Culture differ from other cultural groups? i.e. Inuit peoples, Americans, Chinese, Ethiopian

22. Assimilation Individuals who abandon traditional ways and customs and adopt the new culture fully The process of replacing one's first culture with a second culture. Acculturation Individuals who retain their original cultural heritage while learning about and adapting to new ways, beliefs, and behavioral expectations The process of acquiring a second culture. Multiculturalism Concepts

23. Example 1: A first generation Italian who lives in an Italian enclave in the United States may continue to speak just Italian and to follow the norms and mores of his Italian origins. Example 2: The granddaughter of a Chinese immigrant has gone to American schools and will now attend an American college. She spends time primarily with her American friends, dresses as they do and shares their values and interests. Assimilation or Acculturation?

24. Example 3: Nyeri Ncube has been in Canada for 2 years. Since coming to Canada from Uganda she has married a French Canadian, changed her last name to LeBlanc. She now speaks fluent french both at home and work. Example 1: Acculturation Example 2: Acculturation Example 3: Assimilation Assimilation or Acculturation?

25. The process of acculturation and/or assimilation can take only a few months for children. It could take decades for the older members of an immigrant family. • Take Note: It can be very challenging for an individual, group or family from a different culture to become functional in the new culture and learn to navigate the many systems that impact their lives.

26. Minority The extent of a cultural group’s power and access to the resources and opportunities available in a society.

29. Ethnic-group Membership The ways in which • historical experiences, • cultural values, and • world view influence the way individuals and ethnic group members understand and experience • person, • situations, • needs, • problems, • resources, and • solutions.

30. Race • People who share a more or less distinctive combination of physical characteristics transmitted by their ancestors are said to be of the same race.

31. Please stand up if… • You have ever been centered out because of the way you • talk • walk • dress • practice your faith • Affiliate with a certain social, economic, religious, or cultural group • "How did this make you feel?” • “Did this experience change you in any way?”

32. Racism refers to the ideologies of superiority and negative attitudes involved in judging others solely on the basis of common physical characteristics, such as skin color, hair, body size, facial features, or language patterns.

34. MOVE MOVE MOVE MOVE MOVE MOVE MOVE MOVE MOVE MOVE MOVE MOVE MOVE

35. Racism also involves differential and detrimental treatment of racial group members by individuals and by social institutions.

36. To what extent do you think racism is a serious problem in Canadian society? Let’s look at an example

37. The African Experience • “White” culture, intellect and morality was thought to be much more superior over the black race • Many arrived in Canada via the underground railroad; settled in Nova Scotia and Southwestern Ontario • When “free” blacks came to Canada, they were promised equal land and necessities by the British but received none or very little

38. The African Experience • In 1850, black Canadians experienced restricted land ownership and were refused equal education; not allowed in “white” schools • Segregated schools existed in Nova Scotia until the 1960’s • Black Canadians forced to settle in segregated communities in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Ontario • Africville, NS

39. Africville, NS • Part of the City of Halifax, isolated from the rest of the city • Population of about 400 black Canadians; coming from 80 different families • Were all law-abiding, tax paying citizens • Africville soon became home to many dirty industries; a prison, disposal pits, a city dump and an infectious disease hospital • The city failed to install sewers, lights, water or roads

40. Africville, NS • In 1947, Halifax designated Africville industrial land • Without consultation with the members of the community, Africville residents were relocated to slum housing via city dump trucks • The tight knit community paid taxes but were treated unfairly due to their race

41. Africville AFTER BEFORE The town of Africville, 1965 Africville Monument, 2000

42. % who reported discrimination or unfair % Canadian minorities who reported having experienced discrimination or unfair treatment treatment sometimes or often Not a Not a Total Total Visible Visible visible visible population population minority minority Minority Minority Canada Canada 7 % 7 % 5 % 5 % 20 % 20 % Toronto Toronto 11 % 11 % 5 % 5 % 22 % 22 % Montr Montr é é al al 9 % 9 % 7 % 7 % 19 % 19 % Vancouver Vancouver 11 % 11 % 7 % 7 % 19 % 19 % We have a key role to play in ensuring that government policies, programs and services are adapted to the needs of an increasingly diverse population. Ethnic Diversity Survey

43. Assessing Therapist Identity & Privilege

44. Therapists’ Racial Identities • From the foregoing, you may have noticed that we all are responded to as a representative of our racial group at some point in our lives. It is VERY IMPORTANT to be able to use this experience to relate to clients that are different from you. • Consider your thoughts and feelings regarding yourselves as “racial beings.” Think about when you first noticed race, how those around you discussed it, levels of segregation or integration in your history, etc. • Consider how racial identity develops across groups

45. Well-being Well-being is determined by the interaction of physical and mental health values reflecting general beliefs and sense of desirable ways of being and behaving.

46. Health and Culture NOTE: LIVABLE is defined by the Human Development Index (HDI), published annually by the UN, which ranks nations according to their citizens' quality of life rather than strictly by a nation's traditional economic figures. The criteria for calculating rankings include life expectancy, educational attainment, and adjusted real income. List the top 10 MOST livable countries in the World and the top 10 LEAST livable countries in the World Source: Human Development Report, 2006, United Nations. Web: hdr.undp.org .

47. MOST LIVABLE Norway Iceland Australia Ireland Sweden Canada Japan United States Switzerland Netherlands LEAST LIVABLE Niger Sierra Leone Mali Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Central African Republic Chad Ethiopia Burundi Mozambique Most and Least Livable Countries: UN Human Development Index, 2006

48. Help-seeking attitudes Help-seeking is reflected in the client system’s cultural values about self-sufficiency, types of help sought, and preferred patterns of problem-solving and communicating.

49. Culture and the Problem Identification/treatment Process • Who identifies the problem and how • Where to go for services • MH help seeking/first time use of services • Types of MH services used/Other services used • Involvement of family in treatment • Presenting problems/perception of the problem • Therapists’ role • Continued utilization of services

50. Assessing Racial & Cultural Factors: A Checklist of Important Identities • Which are important for self/partner? • Family/Community/Friends • Religion or Spiritual Beliefs & Practices • Racial Heritage & Cultural Activities • Country of Origin &/or Migration Experiences • Personality Traits/Unique Personal Style • Job, Finances, or Social Class/Standing • Personal Values