Manifest Destiny: US Expansion and Challenges Pt. 1

1. The Nation Expands [pt.1] AH1 H.3 “Expansion and Reform” Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

2. The Louisiana Purchase • Purchased from France in 1803 • Gave US control of New Orleans, Mississippi River • Doubled size of the country • Paid about $.03/acre

3. Lewis & Clark Expedition • Jefferson had ordered expedition even before US bought Louisiana Territory • “Corps of Discovery” launched from Pittsburgh in August 1804 • 33 men, 32 of whom survived • Gathered samples of minerals, plants, and animals • Reached Pacific Ocean in December 1805 • Returned to St. Louis in September 1806

4. Pike Expedition

6. The Oregon Trail • Lewis & Clark’s and Pike’s expeditions opened the way for American settlers to move to the Pacific coast • Between 1840s and late 1860s, tens of thousands of settlers traveled the Oregon Trail (and others) • Went into disuse once railroads became extensive

7. Wagon Trains • Sometimes employed guides, sometimes followed guidebooks • Usually no more than 20-40 wagons per train • Covered about 15 miles/day for 5-6 months • Wagons were circled at night to corral animals, not for protection against Indian attacks • Attacks by Native Americans were rare; more trade took place than fighting “Circle the Wagons Boys!”

8. The Donner Party • 87 people • Took a new, untested route to California • Trapped by winter snows in the Sierra Nevada mountains • 39 starved, rest resorted to cannibalism to survive

9. From Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico • Same as Oregon Trail in that it was used by settlers in the south west. • Went into disuse once railroads became extensive

10. The Missouri Compromise (1820) • 1819: Missouri (which allowed slavery) applied for statehood • US was balanced with 11 slave states, 11 free states • US agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state but also admitted Maine as a free state to keep balance • Congress also drew a line through Louisiana Territory – north of the line, no slavery; south of the line would allow slavery • Compromise driven by Henry Clay of Kentucky (War Hawk)

11. Indian Removal Act (1830) • Pres. Jackson wanted all Indians removed from the east and forced into the Great Plains • Most Native groups relented and moved west, but the Cherokee resisted

12. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) • Cherokee sued government • Supreme Court agreed that the Cherokee were a separate nation which the US had signed treaties with and were therefore not bound by state law • Pres. Jackson refused to enforce the court’s decision

13. The Trail of Tears • Forced removal of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations from the east to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) • 46,000 Indians moved, thousands died along the way, especially among the Cherokee

14. MEAN WHILE…. DOWN IN MEXICO…

15. Mexican Independence (1821)

16. The Nation Expands [pt.2] AH1 H.3 Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

17. Stephen F. Austin • 1793 – 1836 • “Father of Texas” • Arrived in Texas in 1825 with large group of American settlers • Died of pneumonia while serving as first Sec. of State for the independent Republic of Texas

18. Sam Houston • 1793 – 1863 • Veteran of War of 1812 • Led Texan army in fighting for independence from Mexico • 2 time President of Republic of Texas, later US Senator and Gov. of state of Texas • City of Houston named after him

19. War of Texan Independence (1835-6) • Settlers angered over Mexico’s efforts to discourage further Americans from moving to Texas and high tariffs placed on goods imported from US

20. Battle of the Alamo • Feb. 1836 • Around 200 Texans held off 6000 Mexican soldiers for 13 days before being wiped out – Mexican Gen. Santa Anna ordered no prisoners be taken • “Remember the Alamo!” becomes Texans battle cry

21. Battle of Goliad • March 1836 • Mexican forces overwhelmed force of 342 Texans, who surrendered • Santa Anna ordered them all executed • Further galvanized Texans

22. Battle of San Jacinto • April 1836 • Sam Houston’s forces defeated the Mexican army by attacking during siesta • Santa Anna was captured by Texans, forced to sign treaty granting Texas independence

23. The Republic of Texas • “The Lone Star Republic” • 1836 – 1845 • Texans voted to ask to join US, but northern states blocked the move to avoid adding more territory where slavery was allowed • The US recognized Texas as a nation separate from Mexico

24. Election of 1844 • Whig Party: Henry Clay • Democratic Party: James K. Polk • Polk promised to annex Texas, but balance it by also annexing the Oregon Territory in the north; he also promised to try to buy California from Mexico • Polk won… and kept his promises.

25. James K. Polk • 1795 – 1849 • 11th President • Born in NC, UNC grad • Promised to serve only 1 term, and kept his promise • Would successfully add Oregon Territory, Texas, California, and the Southwest to US • Died of cholera only 3 months after leaving office

26. The Nation Expands [pt.3] AH1 H.3 Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

27. “Manifest Destiny” • Term coined by magazine editor John Louis O’Sullivan in 1845 • Idea that Americans had been given North America by God, who wanted them to settle it all and push out Indians, Mexicans

28. Manifest Destiny John Gast, American Progress, 1872

29. 54-40 or Fight!

30. Oregon Territory • First settlers arrived in the 1830s • Oregon Trail well-established by 1841 • 1846: Territory officially became part of US after the Oregon Treaty ended the border dispute between US and Britain • 1853: Territory split into the Oregon and Washington Territories • 1859: Oregon admitted to Union as a free state

31. Annexation of Oregon • Britain and US peacefully resolved their dispute over where the boundary should lie between US and Canada in the Oregon Territory, splitting the region along the 49th parallel. • 1853: Territory split into the Oregon and Washington Territories • 1859: Oregon admitted to Union as a free state

32. Texas annexed • 1845: Texas admitted to the Union as a slave state • Mexico furious, broke off diplomatic relations with US • Dispute arose over where the southern border was between Texas and Mexico

33. Polk tries to buy California • Polk sent an envoy, John Slidell, to Mexico City with an offer to purchase California • Mexicans refused to even meet with Slidell • All chances of a peaceful exchange died, US would go to war with Mexico

34. The Mexican War (1846-48) • “Mr. Polk’s War” • Polk ordered US troops under Zachary Taylor (aka “Old Rough and Ready”) to secure the Texas border • Mexico considered this an act of war, attacked US force • May 13, 1846: US declared war on Mexico

35. The Mexican War (1846-48)

36. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo • Feb. 1848 • Mexico surrendered after US forces led by Winfield Scott (aka “Old Fuss and Feathers”) captured Mexico City • Ended the Mexican War • Mexico ceded 500,000 sq. miles of territory (California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico) • Mexico accepted Rio Grande as southern border of Texas • In return, US paid Mexico $15 million and assumed $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to US citizens

37. Mexican cession

38. Wilmot Proviso • Proposal by Rep. David Wilmot that slavery not be allowed in any territories gained by the US from Mexico • Angered southerners, reopened slavery argument • Failed to pass the Senate

39. California • John Sutter granted 50,000 acres by Mexican government in 1839, established settlement of Sutter’s Fort, the first American settlement in Spanish California • “Purchased” from Mexico at the end of the Mexican War (as part of the Mexican Cession) in 1848 • Discovery of gold later that year would lead to a rush of American settlers • Became a state in 1850 as part of the Compromise of 1850

40. Gold Rushes • California in 1849 • Pikes Peak in 1858 • Arizona, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming in 1860s • Triggered surges of settlers (mostly single, young men) looking to get rich quick in these states

41. ’49ers & Sutter’s Mill • After discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill, over 300,000 gold-seekers called “49ers” flooded into California • Led to rise of San Francisco as a major city, but also to tensions with Native Americans and environmental destruction

42. The Comstock Lode • Major silver vein discovered by Henry Comstock in 1859 • Virginia City, NV went from zero to pop of 30,000 then crashed when the lode ran out in 1898 (today, pop. = about 1500) • Comstock himself traded away his fortune and later committed suicide

43. Mining Lures Settlers • Colorado – Silver (over $1 billion, led to development of Denver) • Dakotas – gold in the Black Hills • Montana – copper • Created “boom and bust” cycles where towns would be built in a short period of time and then abandoned (ghost towns) when the mines were exhausted

44. The Nation Expands [pt.4] AH1 H.3 Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

45. Compromise of 1850 • If California joined as a free state, the balance in Congress would be upset • Henry Clay of KY proposed a series of compromises between North and South that would allow California to become a state • Plan was opposed by John C. Calhoun of SC, but backed by Daniel Webster of MA

46. Compromise of 1850 • Northerners got: • California admitted as a free state • New Mexico won territory from Texas, limiting Texas’ size • Slave trade in Washington DC banned • Southerners got: • “popular sovereignty”: each future state would get to decide for itself on slavery • Texas’ debts to southerners would be paid by US Government • Slave ownership in Washington DC remained legal • Congress not allowed to interfere in domestic slave trade • Strong Fugitive slave laws allowed southerners to recover runaway slaves in the north

47. Gadsden Purchase • 1853: US purchases 30,000 sq. mile strip of Mexico for $10 million • Land was needed to build a southern transcontinental railroad from New Orleans to California

48. What next???

49. The Nation Expands [pt.5] AH1 H.3 Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

50. Growth continues throughout the Civil War… • Life out west… • Role of Immigrants • Role of Women • Role of African Americans • Technology and Westward Expansion